Abstract
Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil. Specifically, we evaluated the effectiveness of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and olive mill waste (OMW) in mitigating the effects of Sb contamination. The soil was treated with a commercial strain of AMF ( Rhizophagus irregularis ) and OMW (4% w/w) under two different levels of Sb (0 and 1500 mg kg −1 soil). Results The combined treatment (OMW + AMF) enhanced the photosynthetic rate (+ 40%) and chlorophyll a (+ 91%) and chlorophyll b (+ 50%) content under Sb condition, which in turn induced more biomass production (+ 67–78%) compared to the contaminated control plants. More photosynthesis in OMW + AMF-treated plants gives a route for phenylalanine amino acid synthesis (+ 69%), which is used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids (+ 110%), polyphenols (+ 26%), and anthocyanins (+ 63%) compared to control plants. More activation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (+ 38%) and chalcone synthase (+ 26%) enzymes in OMW + AMF-treated plants under Sb stress indicated the activation of phenylpropanoid pathways in antioxidant metabolites biosynthesis. There was also improved shifting of antioxidant enzyme activities in the ASC/GSH and catalytic pathways in plants in response to OMW + AMF and Sb contamination, remarkably reducing oxidative damage markers. Conclusions While individual applications of OMW and AMF also demonstrated some degree of plant tolerance induction, the combined presence of AMF with OMW supplementation significantly enhanced plant biomass production and adaptability to oxidative stress induced by soil Sb contamination.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment increased the photosynthetic rate of oat under Sb compared with contaminated control plants.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- OMW + AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- + 40%e1
- Qualifier
- under Sb conditione1
- Comparator
- contaminated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e1“The combined treatment (OMW + AMF) enhanced the photosynthetic rate (+ 40%) and chlorophyll a (+ 91%) and chlorophyll b (+ 50%) content under Sb condition, which in turn induced more biomass production (+ 67–78%) compared to the contaminated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment increased chlorophyll a content of oat under Sb compared with contaminated control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- + 91%e1
- Qualifier
- under Sb conditione1
- Comparator
- contaminated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e1“The combined treatment (OMW + AMF) enhanced the photosynthetic rate (+ 40%) and chlorophyll a (+ 91%) and chlorophyll b (+ 50%) content under Sb condition, which in turn induced more biomass production (+ 67–78%) compared to the contaminated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment increased chlorophyll b content of oat under Sb compared with contaminated control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- + 50%e1
- Qualifier
- under Sb conditione1
- Comparator
- contaminated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e1“The combined treatment (OMW + AMF) enhanced the photosynthetic rate (+ 40%) and chlorophyll a (+ 91%) and chlorophyll b (+ 50%) content under Sb condition, which in turn induced more biomass production (+ 67–78%) compared to the contaminated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment induced more biomass production in oat under Sb compared with contaminated control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass productione1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- + 67–78%e1
- Comparator
- contaminated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e1“The combined treatment (OMW + AMF) enhanced the photosynthetic rate (+ 40%) and chlorophyll a (+ 91%) and chlorophyll b (+ 50%) content under Sb condition, which in turn induced more biomass production (+ 67–78%) compared to the contaminated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment increased phenylalanine amino acid synthesis in oat compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMF-treatede2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- phenylalanine amino acid synthesise2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- + 69%e2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e2“More photosynthesis in OMW + AMF-treated plants gives a route for phenylalanine amino acid synthesis (+ 69%), which is used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids (+ 110%), polyphenols (+ 26%), and anthocyanins (+ 63%) compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment increased flavonoids in oat compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMF-treatede2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- flavonoidse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- + 110%e2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e2“More photosynthesis in OMW + AMF-treated plants gives a route for phenylalanine amino acid synthesis (+ 69%), which is used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids (+ 110%), polyphenols (+ 26%), and anthocyanins (+ 63%) compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment increased polyphenols in oat compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMF-treatede2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- polyphenolse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- + 26%e2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e2“More photosynthesis in OMW + AMF-treated plants gives a route for phenylalanine amino acid synthesis (+ 69%), which is used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids (+ 110%), polyphenols (+ 26%), and anthocyanins (+ 63%) compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined OMW and AMF treatment increased anthocyanins in oat compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMF-treatede2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- anthocyaninse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- + 63%e2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e2“More photosynthesis in OMW + AMF-treated plants gives a route for phenylalanine amino acid synthesis (+ 69%), which is used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids (+ 110%), polyphenols (+ 26%), and anthocyanins (+ 63%) compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activation increased in oat treated with OMW and AMF under Sb stress.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMF-treatede3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee3
- Outcome
- activatione3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- + 38%e3
- Qualifier
- under Sb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e3“More activation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (+ 38%) and chalcone synthase (+ 26%) enzymes in OMW + AMF-treated plants under Sb stress indicated the activation of phenylpropanoid pathways in antioxidant metabolites biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Chalcone synthase activation increased in oat treated with OMW and AMF under Sb stress.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMF-treatede3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Gene
- chalcone synthasee3
- Outcome
- activatione3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- + 26%e3
- Qualifier
- under Sb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e3“More activation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (+ 38%) and chalcone synthase (+ 26%) enzymes in OMW + AMF-treated plants under Sb stress indicated the activation of phenylpropanoid pathways in antioxidant metabolites biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
OMW and AMF treatment improved the shifting of antioxidant enzyme activities in oat under Sb contamination.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMFe4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese4
- Direction
- improved shiftinge4
- Qualifier
- ASC/GSH and catalytic pathwayse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e4“There was also improved shifting of antioxidant enzyme activities in the ASC/GSH and catalytic pathways in plants in response to OMW + AMF and Sb contamination, remarkably reducing oxidative damage markers”
Claim · model-written summary
OMW and AMF treatment reduced oxidative damage markers in oat under Sb contamination.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- OMW + AMFe4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative damage markerse4
- Direction
- reducinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e4“There was also improved shifting of antioxidant enzyme activities in the ASC/GSH and catalytic pathways in plants in response to OMW + AMF and Sb contamination, remarkably reducing oxidative damage markers”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual OMW or AMF applications induced some degree of plant tolerance in oat under Sb contamination.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- individual applications of OMW and AMFe5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- plant tolerance inductione5
- Qualifier
- some degreee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e5“While individual applications of OMW and AMF also demonstrated some degree of plant tolerance induction”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AMF and OMW significantly enhanced adaptability of oat to oxidative stress induced by soil Sb contamination.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- combined presence of AMF with OMW supplementatione6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- adaptability to oxidative stresse6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Qualifier
- induced by soil Sb contaminatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study aimed to investigate the alterations in biochemical and physiological responses of oat plants exposed to antimony (Sb) contamination in soil”
e6“the combined presence of AMF with OMW supplementation significantly enhanced plant biomass production and adaptability to oxidative stress induced by soil Sb contamination”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.