Abstract
Climate warming influences disease development by targeting critical components of the plant immune system, including pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and production of the central defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) at the primary pathogen infection site. However, it is not clear if and/or how temperature impacts systemic immunity. Here we show that pathogen-triggered systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana is suppressed at elevated temperature. This was accompanied by global downregulation of SAR-induced genes at elevated temperature. Abolished SAR under warmer conditions was associated with reduced biosynthesis of the SAR metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in Arabidopsis and other plant species (such as tomato and rapeseed), as demonstrated by downregulation of NHP biosynthetic genes (ALD1 and FMO1) and reduced NHP and pipecolic acid (Pip) levels. Although multiple SAR signals have been shown previously, exogenous NHP or Pip was sufficient to restore disease protection at elevated temperature, indicating that heat-mediated SAR suppression is due to downregulation of the NHP biosynthetic pathway. Along with ALD1 and FMO1, local and systemic expression of the SA biosynthetic gene ICS1 was also suppressed at warm temperature. Finally, we defined a transcriptional network controlling thermosensitive NHP biosynthesis via the master transcription factors CBP60g and SARD1. Our findings demonstrate that warm temperatures impact not only local but also systemic immunity by impinging on NHP biosynthesis, providing a roadmap toward engineering climate-resilient plant immune systems.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature suppressed pathogen-triggered SAR in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- systemic acquired resistance (SAR)e0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pathogen-triggered systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana is suppressed at elevated temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature caused global downregulation of SAR-induced genes.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“global downregulation of SAR-induced genes at elevated temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm conditions reduced NHP biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of the SAR metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced biosynthesis of the SAR metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm conditions reduced NHP biosynthesis in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Outcome
- biosynthesis of the SAR metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced biosynthesis of the SAR metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in Arabidopsis and other plant species (such as tomato and rapeseed)”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm conditions reduced NHP biosynthesis in rapeseed.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of the SAR metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatment
Verbatim
e0“reduced biosynthesis of the SAR metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in Arabidopsis and other plant species (such as tomato and rapeseed)”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm conditions downregulated NHP biosynthetic genes ALD1 and FMO1.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of NHP biosynthetic genes (ALD1 and FMO1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm conditions reduced NHP and Pip levels.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduced NHP and pipecolic acid (Pip) levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NHP restored disease protection at elevated temperature.
- Treatment
- exogenous NHPe0
- Outcome
- disease protectione0
- Direction
- restoree0
- Qualifier
- elevated temperaturee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“exogenous NHP or Pip was sufficient to restore disease protection at elevated temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Pip restored disease protection at elevated temperature.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“exogenous NHP or Pip was sufficient to restore disease protection at elevated temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm temperature suppressed local ICS1 expression.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“local and systemic expression of the SA biosynthetic gene ICS1 was also suppressed at warm temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm temperature suppressed systemic ICS1 expression.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“local and systemic expression of the SA biosynthetic gene ICS1 was also suppressed at warm temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
CBP60g and SARD1 control a network of thermosensitive NHP biosynthesis.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“a transcriptional network controlling thermosensitive NHP biosynthesis via the master transcription factors CBP60g and SARD1.”
The same questions in other papers
heat · disease · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
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- positive
- positive
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