Abstract
One of the major events of early plant immune responses is a rapid influx of Ca 2+ into the cytosol following pathogen recognition. Indeed, changes in cytosolic Ca 2+ are recognized as ubiquitous elements of cellular signaling networks and are thought to encode stimulus-specific information in their duration, amplitude, and frequency. Despite the wealth of observations showing that the bacterial elicitor peptide flg22 triggers Ca 2+ transients, there remain limited data defining the molecular identities of Ca 2+ transporters involved in shaping the cellular Ca 2+ dynamics during the triggering of the defense response network. However, the autoinhibited Ca 2+ -ATPase (ACA) pumps that act to expel Ca 2+ from the cytosol have been linked to these events, with knockouts in the vacuolar members of this family showing hypersensitive lesion-mimic phenotypes. We have therefore explored how the two tonoplast-localized pumps, ACA4 and ACA11, impact flg22-dependent Ca 2+ signaling and related defense responses. The double-knockout aca4/11 exhibited increased basal Ca 2+ levels and Ca 2+ signals of higher amplitude than wild-type plants. Both the aberrant Ca 2+ dynamics and associated defense-related phenotypes could be suppressed by growing the aca4/11 seedlings at elevated temperatures. Relocalization of ACA8 from its normal cellular locale of the plasma membrane to the tonoplast also suppressed the aca4/11 phenotypes but not when a catalytically inactive mutant was used. These observations indicate that regulation of vacuolar Ca 2+ sequestration is an integral component of plant immune signaling, but also that the action of tonoplast-localized Ca 2+ pumps does not require specific regulatory elements not found in plasma membrane-localized pumps.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
aca4/11 double knockout increased basal Ca 2+ levels relative to wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Material
- aca4/11e0
- Outcome
- basal Ca 2+ levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The double-knockout aca4/11 exhibited increased basal Ca 2+ levels and Ca 2+ signals of higher amplitude than wild-type plants”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
aca4/11 double knockout had higher-amplitude Ca 2+ signals than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- aca4/11e1
- Outcome
- Ca 2+ signalse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca 2+ signals of higher amplitude than wild-type plants”
e1“The double-knockout aca4/11”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated seedling temperatures suppressed aberrant Ca 2+ dynamics in aca4/11.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- aca4/11e0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturese0
- Outcome
- aberrant Ca 2+ dynamicse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the aberrant Ca 2+ dynamics and associated defense-related phenotypes could be suppressed by growing the aca4/11 seedlings at elevated temperatures”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated seedling temperatures suppressed defense-related phenotypes in aca4/11.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- aca4/11e0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturese0
- Outcome
- defense-related phenotypese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the aberrant Ca 2+ dynamics and associated defense-related phenotypes could be suppressed by growing the aca4/11 seedlings at elevated temperatures”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving ACA8 to the tonoplast suppressed aca4/11 phenotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- aca4/11e0
- Treatment
- Relocalization of ACA8 from its normal cellular locale of the plasma membrane to the tonoplaste0
- Gene
- ACA8e0
- Outcome
- aca4/11 phenotypese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relocalization of ACA8 from its normal cellular locale of the plasma membrane to the tonoplast also suppressed the aca4/11 phenotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalytically inactive ACA8 failed to suppress aca4/11 phenotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- catalytically inactive mutante0
- Gene
- ACA8e1
- Outcome
- aca4/11 phenotypese1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not when a catalytically inactive mutant was used”
e1“Relocalization of ACA8 from its normal cellular locale of the plasma membrane to the tonoplast also suppressed the aca4/11 phenotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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