Abstract
In nature, plants are exposed to a fluctuating environment, and individuals exposed to contrasting environmental factors develop different environmental histories. Whether different environmental histories alter plant responses to a current stress remains elusive. Here, we show that environmental history modulates the plant response to microbial pathogens. Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to repetitive heat, cold, or salt stress were more resistant to virulent bacteria than Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environment. By contrast, long-term exposure to heat, cold, or exposure to high concentrations of NaCl did not provide enhanced protection against bacteria. Enhanced resistance occurred with priming of Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-responsive genes and the potentiation of PTI-mediated callose deposition. In repetitively stress-challenged Arabidopsis, PTI-responsive genes showed enrichment for epigenetic marks associated with transcriptional activation. Upon bacterial infection, enrichment of RNA polymerase II at primed PTI marker genes was observed in environmentally challenged Arabidopsis. Finally, repetitively stress-challenged histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutants failed to demonstrate enhanced resistance to bacteria, priming of PTI, and increased open chromatin states. These findings reveal that environmental history shapes the plant response to bacteria through the development of a HAC1-dependent epigenetic mark characteristic of a primed PTI response, demonstrating a mechanistic link between the primed state in plants and epigenetics.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated heat stress increased Arabidopsis resistance to virulent bacteria relative to stable conditions.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- repetitive heate0
- Interactor
- virulent bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistant to virulent bacteriae0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to repetitive heat, cold, or salt stress were more resistant to virulent bacteria than Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated cold stress increased Arabidopsis resistance to virulent bacteria relative to stable conditions.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- colde0
- Interactor
- virulent bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistant to virulent bacteriae0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to repetitive heat, cold, or salt stress were more resistant to virulent bacteria than Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated salt stress increased Arabidopsis resistance to virulent bacteria relative to stable conditions.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Interactor
- virulent bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistant to virulent bacteriae0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to repetitive heat, cold, or salt stress were more resistant to virulent bacteria than Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term heat exposure did not enhance protection against bacteria.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- long-term exposure to heate0
- Outcome
- protection against bacteriae0
- Direction
- did not provide enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term exposure to heat, cold, or exposure to high concentrations of NaCl did not provide enhanced protection against bacteria.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term cold exposure did not enhance protection against bacteria.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- colde0
- Outcome
- protection against bacteriae0
- Direction
- did not provide enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term exposure to heat, cold, or exposure to high concentrations of NaCl did not provide enhanced protection against bacteria.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl exposure did not enhance protection against bacteria.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of NaCle0
- Outcome
- protection against bacteriae0
- Direction
- did not provide enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to high concentrations of NaCl did not provide enhanced protection against bacteria.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced resistance coincided with priming of PTI-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-responsive genese0
- Outcome
- Enhanced resistancee0
- Direction
- Enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced resistance occurred with priming of Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-responsive genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced resistance coincided with potentiated PTI-mediated callose deposition.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- PTI-mediated callose depositione0
- Direction
- potentiatione0
- Qualifier
- Enhanced resistancee0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced resistance occurred with priming of Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-responsive genes and the potentiation of PTI-mediated callose deposition.”
Claim · model-written summary
PTI-responsive genes in repeatedly stressed Arabidopsis were enriched for activation-associated epigenetic marks.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- PTI-responsive genese0
- Outcome
- epigenetic marks associated with transcriptional activatione0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In repetitively stress-challenged Arabidopsis, PTI-responsive genes showed enrichment for epigenetic marks associated with transcriptional activation.”
Claim · model-written summary
After bacterial infection, RNA polymerase II was enriched at primed PTI marker genes in environmentally challenged Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Interactor
- bacteriale0pathogen
- Gene
- RNA polymerase IIe0
- Outcome
- RNA polymerase II at primed PTI marker genese0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon bacterial infection, enrichment of RNA polymerase II at primed PTI marker genes was observed in environmentally challenged Arabidopsis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeatedly stressed hac1-1 mutants did not gain enhanced bacterial resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutantse0
- Outcome
- enhanced resistance to bacteriae0
- Direction
- failed to demonstratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repetitively stress-challenged histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutants failed to demonstrate enhanced resistance to bacteria”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeatedly stressed hac1-1 mutants failed to show PTI priming.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutantse0
- Outcome
- priming of PTIe0
- Direction
- failed to demonstratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repetitively stress-challenged histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutants failed to demonstrate enhanced resistance to bacteria, priming of PTI, and increased open chromatin states.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeatedly stressed hac1-1 mutants failed to show increased open chromatin.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutantse0
- Outcome
- open chromatin statese0
- Direction
- failed to demonstratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repetitively stress-challenged histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutants failed to demonstrate enhanced resistance to bacteria, priming of PTI, and increased open chromatin states.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that a HAC1-dependent epigenetic mark links environmental history to primed PTI and bacterial response.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- HAC1e0
- Outcome
- plant response to bacteriae0
- Qualifier
- HAC1-dependent epigenetic marke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“environmental history shapes the plant response to bacteria through the development of a HAC1-dependent epigenetic mark characteristic of a primed PTI response”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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