Abstract
Soil salinization and cadmium (Cd) contamination severely inhibit crop production, and their coexistence is increasingly prevalent. Plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria (PGPB) have been proven to enhance crop resistance to single salinity or Cd stress. However, whether PGPB also play a positive role under combined salinity-Cd stress requires further investigation. In this study, we isolated a novel endophytic PGPB Pantoea sp. EEL5 (EEL5) from the leaves of Elytrigia elongata, an industrial crop with multiple abiotic stress tolerance traits. It exhibited multiple PGP traits (indole-3-acetic acid secretion, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization) and tolerance to salinity, Cd, drought, and acid. To our knowledge, this was the first report of PGPB isolation from this industrial crop. Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress, confirming its ability to improve wheat combined stress resistance. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport. These changes improved photosynthesis, boosted soluble sugar accumulation, reduced tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contents, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and activated sulfur metabolism, collectively increasing stress resistance. Additionally, EEL5 increased soil enzyme activities and rhizosphere microbial diversity, especially by recruiting Bdellovibrio and Sphingomonas , which may represent another mechanism by which EEL5 alleviates combined stress. Overall, this work offers a theoretical foundation and practical strategy for developing bioinoculants to ensure safe and sustainable wheat production in Cd-contaminated saline soils. • An endophytic Pantoea sp. EEL5 was isolated from the leaves of Elytrigia elongata. • Pantoea sp. EEL5 possessed multiple PGP traits and abiotic stress resistance. • Pantoea sp. EEL5 improved wheat resistance to combined salinity-Cd stress. • EEL5 positively changed many gene expression in wheat under salinity-Cd stress. • EEL5 was beneficial to host rhizosphere microenvironment under salinity-Cd stress.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedling growth under combined salinity-Cd stress in pot experiments.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione1
- Interactor
- EEL5e1symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat seedlings growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Qualifier
- combined salinity-Cd stresse1
- Setting
- Pot experimentse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione1
- Outcome
- genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolisme1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport”
e2“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to sulfur metabolism and ion transport in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione1
- Outcome
- sulfur metabolism, and ion transporte1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport”
e2“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The changes induced by EEL5 improved photosynthesis in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione2
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These changes improved photosynthesis, boosted soluble sugar accumulation, reduced tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contents, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and activated sulfur metabolism, collectively increasing stress resistance”
e2“Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport”
e3“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The changes induced by EEL5 boosted soluble sugar accumulation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione2
- Outcome
- soluble sugar accumulatione1
- Direction
- boostede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These changes improved photosynthesis, boosted soluble sugar accumulation, reduced tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contents, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and activated sulfur metabolism, collectively increasing stress resistance”
e2“Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport”
e3“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The changes induced by EEL5 reduced tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contents in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione2
- Outcome
- tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contentse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These changes improved photosynthesis, boosted soluble sugar accumulation, reduced tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contents, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and activated sulfur metabolism, collectively increasing stress resistance”
e2“Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport”
e3“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The changes induced by EEL5 enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione2
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenginge1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These changes improved photosynthesis, boosted soluble sugar accumulation, reduced tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contents, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and activated sulfur metabolism, collectively increasing stress resistance”
e2“Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport”
e3“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The changes induced by EEL5 activated sulfur metabolism in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- EEL5 inoculatione2
- Outcome
- sulfur metabolisme1
- Direction
- activatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These changes improved photosynthesis, boosted soluble sugar accumulation, reduced tissue Na + and Cd 2+ contents, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and activated sulfur metabolism, collectively increasing stress resistance”
e2“Transcriptomic analysis revealed that EEL5 inoculation upregulated most genes related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and ion transport”
e3“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EEL5 increased soil enzyme activities and rhizosphere microbial diversity in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- EEL5e1
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activities and rhizosphere microbial diversitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“EEL5 increased soil enzyme activities and rhizosphere microbial diversity”
e2“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EEL5 recruited Bdellovibrio and Sphingomonas in the rhizosphere of wheat, a possible additional mechanism of stress alleviation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- EEL5e2
- Interactor
- Bdellovibrio
Bdellovibrioe1other - Second interactor
- Sphingomonas
Sphingomonase1other - Outcome
- recruiting Bdellovibrio and Sphingomonase1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“especially by recruiting Bdellovibrio and Sphingomonas”
e2“EEL5 increased soil enzyme activities and rhizosphere microbial diversity”
e3“Pot experiments showed that EEL5 inoculation significantly promoted wheat seedlings growth under combined salinity-Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Pantoea sp. EEL5 exhibited indole-3-acetic acid secretion, siderophore production and phosphate solubilization as plant growth-promoting traits.
- Taxon
- Elytrigia elongata
Thinopyrum elongatume1 - Interactor
- Pantoea sp. EEL5
.jpg?width=60)
Pantoea sp. EEL5e1symbiont - Outcome
- PGP traits (indole-3-acetic acid secretion, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“isolated a novel endophytic PGPB Pantoea sp. EEL5 (EEL5) from the leaves of Elytrigia elongata”
e2“It exhibited multiple PGP traits (indole-3-acetic acid secretion, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization) and tolerance to salinity, Cd, drought, and acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Pantoea sp. EEL5 tolerated salinity and cadmium.
- Taxon
- Elytrigia elongataThinopyrum elongatume1
- Outcome
- tolerance to salinity, Cde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolated a novel endophytic PGPB Pantoea sp. EEL5 (EEL5) from the leaves of Elytrigia elongata”
e2“It exhibited multiple PGP traits (indole-3-acetic acid secretion, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization) and tolerance to salinity, Cd, drought, and acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Pantoea sp. EEL5 tolerated drought and acid.
- Taxon
- Elytrigia elongataThinopyrum elongatume1
- Outcome
- drought, and acide2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolated a novel endophytic PGPB Pantoea sp. EEL5 (EEL5) from the leaves of Elytrigia elongata”
e2“It exhibited multiple PGP traits (indole-3-acetic acid secretion, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization) and tolerance to salinity, Cd, drought, and acid”
Claim · model-written summary
This was the first report of PGPB isolation from Elytrigia elongata.
- Taxon
- Elytrigia elongataThinopyrum elongatume1
- Outcome
- first report of PGPB isolatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolated a novel endophytic PGPB Pantoea sp. EEL5 (EEL5) from the leaves of Elytrigia elongata”
e2“To our knowledge, this was the first report of PGPB isolation from this industrial crop”
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