Abstract
The present investigation has been performed to evaluate nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrogenase activities as well as growth and mineral nutrition of wheat plants grown under drought stress and inoculated with different Azospirillum strains (NR- and NR+). Fresh, dry mass and water content decreased with decreasing soil moisture content, which was accompanied with low soluble sugars and soluble protein content and increase in the total amino acids content. Azospirillum inoculation with either bacterial strain (NR- and NR+) significantly increased the above characteristics even at 40 % moisture content. NR activity decreased in both the shoots and roots by decreasing soil moisture content. NR+ strain exhibited increased root NR activity compared with uninoculated plants or inoculated with NR- strain. However, plants inoculated with NR-strain increased NR activity in the shoot more than in the root of the same plant and in the shoot of control plants. Inoculation with either NR- and NR+ Azospirillum strains gave higher nitrogenase activity than uninoculated control plants. The low N supply (0.5 mM) did not affect nitrogenase activity. NR-strain was less effective than NR+strain in promoting total N-yield, spike numbers and their mass per pot. Azospirillum inoculation exhibited no significant changes in wheat Mg2+ content. However, K+ and Ca2+ have shown significantly increased values. Azospirillum beneficial effect on plant N balance and growth are most probably composed of multiple mechanisms and beneficial NR is one of them. The importance of Azospirillum NR+strains for increasing wheat resistance to water stress is also supported by the obtained data.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Lower soil moisture decreased fresh and dry mass and water content.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- decreasing soil moisture contente0
- Outcome
- Fresh, dry mass and water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fresh, dry mass and water content decreased with decreasing soil moisture content”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower moisture accompanied low soluble sugars and protein.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- decreasing soil moisture contente0
- Outcome
- soluble sugars and soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing soil moisture content, which was accompanied with low soluble sugars and soluble protein content”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower moisture accompanied increased total amino acids.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- decreasing soil moisture contente0
- Outcome
- total amino acids contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing soil moisture content, which was accompanied with low soluble sugars and soluble protein content and increase in the total amino acids content.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Either Azospirillum strain increased growth and nutrition characteristics even at 40% moisture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume0symbiont - Outcome
- above characteristicse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azospirillum inoculation with either bacterial strain (NR- and NR+) significantly increased the above characteristics even at 40 % moisture content.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NR activity fell in shoots and roots as soil moisture fell.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse0
- Treatment
- decreasing soil moisture contente0
- Gene
- NRe0
- Outcome
- NR activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NR activity decreased in both the shoots and roots by decreasing soil moisture content.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NR+ inoculation increased root NR activity compared with uninoculated or NR- inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- NR+ straine0
- Interactor
- NR+ straine0symbiont
- Gene
- NRe0
- Outcome
- root NR activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- uninoculated plants or inoculated with NR- straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NR+ strain exhibited increased root NR activity compared with uninoculated plants or inoculated with NR- strain.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NR- strain increased shoot NR activity versus root and control shoots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NR-straine0
- Interactor
- NR-straine0symbiont
- Gene
- NRe0
- Outcome
- NR activity in the shoote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- root of the same plant and in the shoot of control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants inoculated with NR-strain increased NR activity in the shoot more than in the root of the same plant and in the shoot of control plants.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Both strains raised nitrogenase activity over uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with either NR- and NR+ Azospirillum strainse0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Gene
- nitrogenasee0
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- uninoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with either NR- and NR+ Azospirillum strains gave higher nitrogenase activity than uninoculated control plants.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Low N supply did not affect nitrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low N supply (0.5 mM)e0
- Gene
- nitrogenasee0
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The low N supply (0.5 mM) did not affect nitrogenase activity.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NR- strain promoted total N yield, spike number and mass less than NR+.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NR-straine0
- Interactor
- NR-straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- total N-yield, spike numbers and their mass per pote0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- NR+straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NR-strain was less effective than NR+strain in promoting total N-yield, spike numbers and their mass per pot.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum inoculation did not significantly change wheat Mg2+ content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat Mg2+ contente0
- Direction
- no significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azospirillum inoculation exhibited no significant changes in wheat Mg2+ content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum inoculation significantly raised K+ and Ca2+ values.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- K+ and Ca2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, K+ and Ca2+ have shown significantly increased values.”
t0“Wheat”
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