Abstract
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) is one of the most widely cultivated staple crops in the world (Tadesse et al., 2019), and it has been always important to breed pathogen-resistant varieties for safeguarding its production (Singh et al., 2016). However, common wheat genetic diversity has been narrowed throughout its entire existence due to two sequential polyploidization events followed by domestication (IWGSC, 2014), therefore profoundly limiting its improvement like pathogen resistance. Here, we provide an alternative route to increase the genetic diversity toward future wheat breeding by exploiting the silent genetic loci hidden in the wheat genome. Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a severe foliar disease of wheat causing reduction in grain yield and quality (Savary et al., 2019). Host resistance is widely considered the first and most effective barrier of defence that prevents the invasion of the pathogen (Wu et al., 2021). We previously isolated the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm41 (hereof Pm41a), which encodes a typical coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site, and leucine-rich repeat protein (CNL) from wild emmer wheat (WEW, Triticum dicoccoides) accession ‘IW2’ (Li et al., 2020). Moreover, three Pm41 haplotypes including Hap1 (Pm41a, ‘IW2’), Hap2 (‘Langdon’, LDN’), and Hap3 (null, ‘Chinese Spring’) were identified in diversified worldwide wheat collection with a Pm41a gene-specific marker WGGB427. To further characterize the natural diversity of Pm41, the entire locus of Pm41 was amplified with overlapping gene-specific primers (Table S1) in a representative diversified panel including 131 WEW, 38 durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), and 31 common wheat (Table S2), resulting in the identification of seven haplotypes (Figure 1a). Pm41a, Hap2, Hap3, and four new haplotypes (Hap4 to Hap7) were identified in the WEW populations (Figures 1b and S1). In contrast, only three haplotypes (Hap2, Hap3, and Hap7) exist in durum and hexaploid wheat populations, suggesting loss of genetic diversity of the Pm41 locus due to domestication and polyploidization bottleneck. Hap2 (hereof Pm41b) only accounts for 5% of the WEW but was predominant in those tested accessions of durum (90%) and hexaploid (90%) wheats (Figure 1b and Table S2). Detailed analysis showed that Pm41b contains an intact Pm41a allelic coding region sequence (Figure S1) but carries two DNA transposons inserted in the promoter and 3′-UTR regions (Figures 1c and S2). Different from the Pm41a allele, which is resistant and well-induced upon Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the highly resistant WEW accession ‘IW2’ (Figure 1d–f; Li et al., 2020), Pm41b shows no expression before or after Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the highly susceptible tetraploid durum wheat cultivar ‘LDN’ (Figure 1d–f). Furthermore, a similar result was obtained in the susceptible common wheat cultivar ‘Fielder’ (Figure 1f) carrying the same Pm41b allele as ‘LDN’ (Table S2), suggesting that Pm41b, as well as other Pm41 haplotypes (Figure S2), are silenced alleles of Pm41a, probably due to the transposon insertions and represent unexploited hidden variations for powdery mildew resistance in modern wheat breeding. To further explore the functionality of Pm41b in vivo, as well as its possibility of application in wheat breeding, we therefore generated two types of transgenic wheat plants (Ishida et al., 2015) carrying Pm41b driven either by the Pm41a promoter or by the constitutively expressing promoter of ubiquitin from maize (Zea mays L.) (Figure 1g). The T0 and T1 seedlings from both types of transgenic plants were challenged with Bgt isolate E09. The transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitin-driven Pm41b gene were immune to isolate E09 with infection types (ITs) of 0 (immune) - 0; (necrotic fleck) (Figures 1h, S3 and Table S3), while the other transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the native promoter of Pm41a were resistant to isolate E09 with IT of 1 (highly resistant) (Figure 1i and Table S3). Moreover, co-segregation of the Pm41b transgene with powdery mildew resistance was observed in the T2 segregating progenies (Table S3), supporting the functionality of Pm41b in powdery mildew resistance. The transcript level of Pm41b in the transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitin-driven Pm41b gene is about three folds higher than that in the transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the Pm41a native promoter (Figure 1j), in correlation to their resistance, suggesting Pm41b may function in a dosage-dependent way. In addition, the increased powdery mildew resistance of Pm41b-OE and Pm41-COM transgenic plants did not impact on major agronomic traits (Figure S4). The abovementioned results imply that the silent genetic loci like Pm41b are a valuable resource of genetic variation in the wheat genome and therefore could be potentially utilized to enrich the genetic diversity in wheat breeding. The genomes of wheat, as well as other crops, contain a large proportion of inactive or silenced genetic loci, many of which are related to the key agronomic traits and stress resistance and would enormously contribute to the pool of genetic variation if properly modulated. For instance, about 84% of wheat genome are transposon elements (IWGSC, 2014), exhibiting the significance of provoking those silenced loci due to interference by the transposon elements. In this study, we examined this idea by provoking a silent Pm41b with a functional Pm41a promoter, which surprisingly conferred sound powdery mildew resistance in hexaploid wheat. Our work sheds a light on how to wake up and make use of those ‘sleeping beauties’ in the wheat genome. It provides an intriguing approach to exploit genetic diversity, which is extremely narrowing and being a barrier of crop improvement in modern cultivars. The emergence of precise genome editing tools will offer more efficient approaches to directly modulate these silent but useful loci in modern cultivars and booster the modern crop breeding for food sustainability. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101735) and Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory (B21HJ0111). The authors declare no conflict of interest. Z.L., Y.Z., and L.L.D. conceived the study. M.L., L.D., K.Z., and X.C. performed the experiments. H.Z., G.G., and P.Z. contributed bioinformatic analysis. L.L.D., Q.W., Y.C., and P.L. participated in the transgene experiment. B.L., W.L., Y.Y., and Y.H. did the sampling for DNA and RNA extraction and tested the resistance to powdery mildew. Z.L., Y.Z., M.L., and H.L. wrote the manuscript. The sequences of the Pm41 alleles are available in GenBank (accession numbers: ON059149-ON059153). Figure S1 Multiple sequence alignment of Pm41 haplotypes. Figure S2 Expression and genomic analysis of Pm41 alleles. Figure S3 Fungal structures of Bgt isolate E09 at 5 dpi as stained by Coomassie brilliant blue. Figure S4 Statistical analysis of plant height (a), tiller number (b), flag leaf length (c), flag leaf width (d), ear length (e), grain number per ear (f), thousand-grain weight(g) (g), and grain weight per plant (h) in Fielder, Pm41b-OE1, Pm41b-OE2, Pm41b-OE3, Pm41b-COM1, Pm41b-COM2 and Pm41b-COM3 plants. Table S1 Primers used in the study. Table S2 Haplotypes of Pm41 in wheat accession tested. Table S3 Powdery mildew infection assays on Pm41b transgenic plants. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Seven Pm41 haplotypes were identified in the tested wheat panel.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- seven haplotypese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e1“resulting in the identification of seven haplotypes (Figure 1a)”
Claim · model-written summary
Four new Pm41 haplotypes (Hap4 to Hap7) were identified in WEW populations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- WEW populationse2
- Outcome
- four new haplotypes (Hap4 to Hap7)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e2“Pm41a, Hap2, Hap3, and four new haplotypes (Hap4 to Hap7) were identified in the WEW populations (Figures 1b and S1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Only three Pm41 haplotypes (Hap2, Hap3, and Hap7) occur in durum and hexaploid wheat populations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- durum and hexaploid wheat populationse3
- Outcome
- only three haplotypes (Hap2, Hap3, and Hap7)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e3“only three haplotypes (Hap2, Hap3, and Hap7) exist in durum and hexaploid wheat populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of genetic diversity at the Pm41 locus is suggested to result from domestication and polyploidization bottleneck.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- loss of genetic diversity of the Pm41 locuse4
- Qualifier
- domestication and polyploidization bottlenecke4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e4“suggesting loss of genetic diversity of the Pm41 locus due to domestication and polyploidization bottleneck”
Claim · model-written summary
Hap2 (Pm41b) accounts for 5% of the WEW accessions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- WEWe5
- Outcome
- Hap2 (hereof Pm41b)e5
- Value
- 5%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e5“Hap2 (hereof Pm41b) only accounts for 5% of the WEW”
Claim · model-written summary
Hap2 (Pm41b) is predominant in the tested durum accessions, at 90%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- durume6
- Outcome
- was predominante6
- Value
- 90%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e6“was predominant in those tested accessions of durum (90%) and hexaploid (90%) wheats”
Claim · model-written summary
Hap2 (Pm41b) is predominant in the tested hexaploid wheat accessions, at 90%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- hexaploide6
- Outcome
- was predominante6
- Value
- 90%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e6“was predominant in those tested accessions of durum (90%) and hexaploid (90%) wheats”
Claim · model-written summary
Pm41b contains an intact Pm41a allelic coding region sequence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- Pm41be7
- Outcome
- intact Pm41a allelic coding region sequencee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e7“Pm41b contains an intact Pm41a allelic coding region sequence (Figure S1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pm41b carries two DNA transposons inserted in its promoter and 3′-UTR regions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- Pm41be1
- Outcome
- two DNA transposonse1
- Qualifier
- inserted in the promoter and 3′-UTR regionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e1“Pm41b contains an intact Pm41a allelic coding region sequence (Figure S1) but carries two DNA transposons inserted in the promoter and 3′-UTR regions (Figures 1c and S2)”
Claim · model-written summary
The native Pm41a allele is resistant and well induced after Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the resistant wild emmer accession IW2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- IW2e2
- Treatment
- Bgt isolate E09 inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Bgte2pathogen
- Gene
- Pm41ae2
- Outcome
- resistant and well-inducede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e2“Different from the Pm41a allele, which is resistant and well-induced upon Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the highly resistant WEW accession ‘IW2’ (Figure 1d–f; Li et al., 2020)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pm41b shows no expression before or after Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the susceptible durum cultivar LDN.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- LDNe3
- Treatment
- Bgt isolate E09 inoculatione3
- Interactor
- Bgte3pathogen
- Gene
- Pm41be3
- Outcome
- expressione3
- Comparator
- beforee3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e3“Pm41b shows no expression before or after Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the highly susceptible tetraploid durum wheat cultivar ‘LDN’ (Figure 1d–f)”
Claim · model-written summary
A similar lack of Pm41b expression is found in the susceptible common wheat cultivar Fielder, which carries the same Pm41b allele as LDN.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Fieldere4
- Gene
- Pm41be4
- Outcome
- similar result was obtainede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e4“a similar result was obtained in the susceptible common wheat cultivar ‘Fielder’ (Figure 1f) carrying the same Pm41b allele as ‘LDN’ (Table S2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pm41b and other Pm41 haplotypes are suggested to be silenced alleles of Pm41a, probably due to transposon insertions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- silenced alleles of Pm41ae5
- Qualifier
- transposon insertionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e5“suggesting that Pm41b, as well as other Pm41 haplotypes (Figure S2), are silenced alleles of Pm41a, probably due to the transposon insertions”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitin-driven Pm41b gene were immune to Bgt isolate E09.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ubiquitin-driven Pm41b genee6
- Interactor
- isolate E09e6pathogen
- Outcome
- immune to isolate E09e6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e6“The transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitin-driven Pm41b gene were immune to isolate E09 with infection types (ITs) of 0 (immune) - 0; (necrotic fleck)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic plants carrying Pm41b under the native Pm41a promoter were resistant to isolate E09, with IT of 1 (highly resistant).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- native promoter of Pm41ae7
- Interactor
- isolate E09e7pathogen
- Gene
- Pm41be7
- Outcome
- resistant to isolate E09e7
- Value
- IT of 1 (highly resistant)e7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e7“the other transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the native promoter of Pm41a were resistant to isolate E09 with IT of 1 (highly resistant)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pm41b transgene co-segregates with powdery mildew resistance in T2 segregating progenies.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- T2 segregating progeniese0
- Gene
- Pm41be0
- Outcome
- co-segregation of the Pm41b transgene with powdery mildew resistancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e0“co-segregation of the Pm41b transgene with powdery mildew resistance was observed in the T2 segregating progenies”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pm41b transcript level in ubiquitin-driven transgenic plants is about three-fold higher than in plants with the native Pm41a promoter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ubiquitin-driven Pm41b genee1
- Outcome
- transcript level of Pm41be1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- about three foldse1
- Comparator
- native promotere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e1“The transcript level of Pm41b in the transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitin-driven Pm41b gene is about three folds higher than that in the transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the Pm41a native promoter”
Claim · model-written summary
Pm41b is suggested to function in a dosage-dependent way.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- Pm41be2
- Outcome
- functione2
- Qualifier
- dosage-dependent waye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e2“suggesting Pm41b may function in a dosage-dependent way”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased powdery mildew resistance of Pm41b-OE and Pm41-COM transgenic plants did not affect major agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Pm41b-OE and Pm41-COM transgenic plantse3
- Outcome
- major agronomic traitse3
- Direction
- did not impacte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e3“the increased powdery mildew resistance of Pm41b-OE and Pm41-COM transgenic plants did not impact on major agronomic traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Silent loci like Pm41b are suggested to be a valuable resource of genetic variation that could be used to enrich diversity in wheat breeding.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- valuable resource of genetic variatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew”
e4“the silent genetic loci like Pm41b are a valuable resource of genetic variation in the wheat genome and therefore could be potentially utilized to enrich the genetic diversity in wheat breeding”
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