Abstract
In this study several phosphorus fertilizers were evaluated under controlled production conditions using Lactuca sativa var. baby leaf and a clay-loam soil of pH 6.5 as a plant–soil model system. Various inorganic (phosphate rock, monoammonium phosphate, struvite), organic (bone meal and bone meal pelletized with compost) and organomineral fertilizers (phosphate rock, monoammonium phosphate, struvite pelletized with compost) were compared. The soil properties, crop yield, morphological aspects and metabolomics of the plants were analyzed. After 45 days of the growing cycle, the organomineral fertilizers (OMFs) composed of compost and monoammonium phosphate (OMF2(MAP+C)) or struvite (OMF3(STR+C)) exhibited the best yield results: 101.37 g and 83.21 g, respectively. These treatments also exhibited the best phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) results: 7.40% and 8.33%, respectively. The yield of plants treated with MAP was 56.01 g, and its PUE was 5.33%. The yield of plants treated with STR was 62.10 g and the PUE was 4.67%. Accordingly, the development of OMFs with compost had a positive effect regarding MAP and STR fertilization. Lettuce fertilized with organic bone meal fertilizers had the lowest yield and nutrient use efficiency. The non-targeted metabolic study of green tissue revealed an overactivation of the TriCarboxylic Acids-TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesis in plants fertilized with bone meal and phosphate rock treatments, likely as a plant stress response. The overall conclusion of this work is that the development of OMFs with compost is a good strategy to increase soil P availability and, accordingly, plant P uptake and %PUE.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
OMF2(MAP+C) produced lettuce yield of 101.37 g.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- OMF2(MAP+C)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 101.37 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
e0“the organomineral fertilizers (OMFs) composed of compost and monoammonium phosphate (OMF2(MAP+C)) or struvite (OMF3(STR+C)) exhibited the best yield results: 101.37 g and 83.21 g, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF3(STR+C) produced lettuce yield of 83.21 g.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- OMF3(STR+C)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 83.21 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
e0“the organomineral fertilizers (OMFs) composed of compost and monoammonium phosphate (OMF2(MAP+C)) or struvite (OMF3(STR+C)) exhibited the best yield results: 101.37 g and 83.21 g, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
MAP produced lettuce yield of 56.01 g.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- MAPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 56.01 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
e0“The yield of plants treated with MAP was 56.01 g”
Claim · model-written summary
STR produced lettuce yield of 62.10 g.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- STRe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 62.10 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
e0“The yield of plants treated with STR was 62.10 g”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF2(MAP+C) gave phosphorus use efficiency of 7.40%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- OMF2(MAP+C)e1
- Outcome
- phosphorus use efficiency (PUE)e0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 7.40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e0“These treatments also exhibited the best phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) results: 7.40% and 8.33%, respectively.”
e1“the organomineral fertilizers (OMFs) composed of compost and monoammonium phosphate (OMF2(MAP+C)) or struvite (OMF3(STR+C))”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF3(STR+C) gave phosphorus use efficiency of 8.33%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- OMF3(STR+C)e1
- Outcome
- phosphorus use efficiency (PUE)e0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 8.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e0“These treatments also exhibited the best phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) results: 7.40% and 8.33%, respectively.”
e1“the organomineral fertilizers (OMFs) composed of compost and monoammonium phosphate (OMF2(MAP+C)) or struvite (OMF3(STR+C))”
Claim · model-written summary
MAP gave phosphorus use efficiency of 5.33%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- MAPe0
- Outcome
- PUEe0
- Value
- 5.33%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e0“The yield of plants treated with MAP was 56.01 g, and its PUE was 5.33%.”
Claim · model-written summary
STR gave phosphorus use efficiency of 4.67%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- STRe0
- Outcome
- PUEe0
- Value
- 4.67%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e0“The yield of plants treated with STR was 62.10 g and the PUE was 4.67%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bone meal fertilizers gave the lowest lettuce yield.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- organic bone meal fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lettuce fertilized with organic bone meal fertilizers had the lowest yield and nutrient use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Bone meal fertilizers gave the lowest nutrient use efficiency.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- organic bone meal fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- nutrient use efficiencye0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lettuce fertilized with organic bone meal fertilizers had the lowest yield and nutrient use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Bone meal activated the TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesis in lettuce green tissue.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- green tissuee1
- Treatment
- bone meale0
- Outcome
- TriCarboxylic Acids-TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesise0
- Direction
- overactivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“an overactivation of the TriCarboxylic Acids-TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesis in plants fertilized with bone meal and phosphate rock treatments”
e1“green tissue revealed an overactivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate rock activated the TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesis in lettuce green tissue.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate rocke0
- Outcome
- TriCarboxylic Acids-TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesise0
- Direction
- overactivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“an overactivation of the TriCarboxylic Acids-TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesis in plants fertilized with bone meal and phosphate rock treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend compost based organomineral fertilizers to improve soil P availability, plant uptake and PUE.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- development of OMFs with compost is a good strategy to increase soil P availability and, accordingly, plant P uptake and %PUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“the development of OMFs with compost is a good strategy to increase soil P availability and, accordingly, plant P uptake and %PUE”
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