Abstract
To investigate whether blue-dominant spectra from end-of-day (EOD) lighting can regulate crop morphological and flowering responses, chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium; obligate short day), geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum; day neutral), calibrachoa (Calibrachoa × hybrida; facultative long day), and gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii; facultative short day) plants were grown under different light-emitting diode (LED) spectrum treatments from January to April 2020, in Guelph, Canada. The spectrum treatments were (1) no EOD lighting, (2) narrowband blue from LEDs (B), (3) a combination of narrowband blue, red, and far-red LEDs with a photon flux ratio of 47:3:1 (blue:red:far-red; BRFR). The B and BRFR treatments ran daily from 0.5 h to 4.5 h after dusk. Compared to the control without EOD lighting, chrysanthemum flower initiation was completely inhibited under BRFR. Flowering time was slightly delayed, but flower bud number increased under B. Side branch number, leaf area, and main stem length and diameter increased under B and BRFR. In the geranium B and BRFR did not affect flowering, but increased side branch number and length and diameter of the main stem. Both spectrum treatments promoted earlier flowering in the calibrachoa, but BRFR produced more flower buds. The calibrachoa aerial dry biomass and main stem length increased under B and BRFR. The gerbera leaf chlorophyll index and leaf thickness increased under BRFR. Both spectrum treatments increased the gerbera flower bud size, despite having little effect on flowering time. In all species, at least one of the LED treatments increased canopy size. Therefore, low levels of B or BRFR can be potentially used for EOD lighting to regulate the flowering and morphology of potted ornamentals.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR completely inhibited chrysanthemum flower initiation versus no EOD lighting.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemume0 - Treatment
- BRFRe0
- Outcome
- flower initiatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- control without EOD lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control without EOD lighting, chrysanthemum flower initiation was completely inhibited under BRFR”
Claim · model-written summary
B slightly delayed chrysanthemum flowering.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume1
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- Flowering timee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering time was slightly delayed, but flower bud number increased under B”
e1“chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
B increased chrysanthemum flower bud number.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume1
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- flower bud numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering time was slightly delayed, but flower bud number increased under B”
e1“chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
B increased chrysanthemum side branch number, leaf area, and main stem length and diameter.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume1
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- Side branch number, leaf area, and main stem length and diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Side branch number, leaf area, and main stem length and diameter increased under B and BRFR”
e1“chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR increased chrysanthemum side branch number, leaf area, and main stem length and diameter.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume1
- Treatment
- BRFRe0
- Outcome
- Side branch number, leaf area, and main stem length and diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Side branch number, leaf area, and main stem length and diameter increased under B and BRFR”
e1“chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
B did not affect geranium flowering.
GeraniumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the geranium B and BRFR did not affect flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR did not affect geranium flowering.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the geranium B and BRFR did not affect flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
B increased geranium side branch number and main stem length and diameter.
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- side branch number and length and diameter of the main steme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the geranium B and BRFR did not affect flowering, but increased side branch number and length and diameter of the main stem”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR increased geranium side branch number and main stem length and diameter.
- Treatment
- BRFRe0
- Outcome
- side branch number and length and diameter of the main steme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the geranium B and BRFR did not affect flowering, but increased side branch number and length and diameter of the main stem”
Claim · model-written summary
B promoted earlier calibrachoa flowering.
- Taxon
- calibrachoa
Calibrachoae0 - Treatment
- Be1
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both spectrum treatments promoted earlier flowering in the calibrachoa”
e1“narrowband blue from LEDs (B)”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR promoted earlier calibrachoa flowering.
- Taxon
- calibrachoaCalibrachoae0
- Treatment
- BRFRe1
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both spectrum treatments promoted earlier flowering in the calibrachoa”
e1“blue:red:far-red; BRFR”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR produced more calibrachoa flower buds.
- Taxon
- calibrachoaCalibrachoae1
- Treatment
- BRFRe0
- Outcome
- flower budse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BRFR produced more flower buds”
e1“the calibrachoa”
Claim · model-written summary
B increased calibrachoa aerial dry biomass and main stem length.
- Taxon
- calibrachoaCalibrachoae0
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- aerial dry biomass and main stem lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The calibrachoa aerial dry biomass and main stem length increased under B and BRFR”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR increased calibrachoa aerial dry biomass and main stem length.
- Taxon
- calibrachoaCalibrachoae0
- Treatment
- BRFRe0
- Outcome
- aerial dry biomass and main stem lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The calibrachoa aerial dry biomass and main stem length increased under B and BRFR”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR increased gerbera leaf chlorophyll index and leaf thickness.
GerberaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gerbera leaf chlorophyll index and leaf thickness increased under BRFR”
Claim · model-written summary
B increased gerbera flower bud size.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both spectrum treatments increased the gerbera flower bud size”
e1“narrowband blue from LEDs (B)”
Claim · model-written summary
BRFR increased gerbera flower bud size.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both spectrum treatments increased the gerbera flower bud size”
e1“blue:red:far-red; BRFR”
Claim · model-written summary
Both spectrum treatments had little effect on gerbera flowering time.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both spectrum treatments increased the gerbera flower bud size, despite having little effect on flowering time”
Claim · model-written summary
At least one LED treatment increased canopy size in all four species.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume1
- Treatment
- at least one of the LED treatmentse0
- Outcome
- canopy sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all species, at least one of the LED treatments increased canopy size”
e1“chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium; obligate short day), geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum; day neutral), calibrachoa (Calibrachoa × hybrida; facultative long day), and gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii; facultative short day)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose low B or BRFR levels for end-of-day lighting to regulate ornamental flowering and morphology.
Verbatim
e0“low levels of B or BRFR can be potentially used for EOD lighting to regulate the flowering and morphology of potted ornamentals”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · growth · GeraniumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
light · growth · ChrysanthemumPositive and negative results
46 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.