Abstract
Apart from a role in cell wall structure, specific functions for boron (B) in plants are unclear; hence, responses and adaptations to B stress are incompletely understood. We tested hypotheses that net photosynthesis (P n ) decreases with B deficiency before visible foliar symptoms and that higher nonphotoinhibitory light levels enhance soluble carbohydrate status and therefore mitigate B deficiency. Geranium ( Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey cv. Nittany Lion Red) plants were grown hydroponically and were then exposed to normal (45 μ m ) or deficient (0 μ m ) B at two light levels [100 or 300 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 photosynthetically active radiation ( PAR )]. Photosynthesis [net CO 2 uptake, carboxylation, and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency] was monitored for 5 days, as were concentrations of B, chlorophyll, soluble sugars, total protein, and several photosynthetic and stress proteins [ribulose 1,5-bisphospate carboxylase oxygenase (rubisco), rubisco activase, oxygen-evolving complex-23 (OEC23), Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2 (eIF5A-2)]. Biomass and sugar concentration were greater in high light, and mass was decreased by B deficiency only in leaves in high light. Boron deficiency decreased [B] in all tissues, especially in new leaves. Carboxylation efficiency and P n decreased within 1 day of B deficiency in low light, but not until 5 days in high light. Chlorophyll concentration decreased, and Mn-SOD increased transiently, with B deficiency in both light levels, but no other effects of low B were observed. Protection of P n by higher light was confirmed in a different cultivar (Maverick White) grown at 100, 300, and 500 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PAR . Thus, in geranium, photosynthesis is affected by B deficiency before effects on leaf growth, and higher light can at least temporarily ameliorate B deficiency, perhaps partly due to enhanced carbohydrate status.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Boron deficiency decreased carboxylation efficiency and net photosynthesis within 1 day in low light.
- Treatment
- B deficiencye1
- Outcome
- Carboxylation efficiency and P ne1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- within 1 day of B deficiency in low lighte1
GeraniumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e1“Carboxylation efficiency and P n decreased within 1 day of B deficiency in low light, but not until 5 days in high light”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron deficiency decreased carboxylation efficiency and net photosynthesis only after 5 days in high light.
- Treatment
- B deficiencye1
- Outcome
- Carboxylation efficiency and P ne1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- not until 5 days in high lighte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e1“Carboxylation efficiency and P n decreased within 1 day of B deficiency in low light, but not until 5 days in high light”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass and sugar concentration were greater in high light.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e2“Biomass and sugar concentration were greater in high light, and mass was decreased by B deficiency only in leaves in high light”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron deficiency decreased leaf mass only in high light.
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- B deficiencye2
- Outcome
- masse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- only in leaves in high lighte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e2“Biomass and sugar concentration were greater in high light, and mass was decreased by B deficiency only in leaves in high light”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron deficiency decreased tissue boron concentration in all tissues, especially in new leaves.
- Organ / stage
- all tissues, especially in new leavese3
- Treatment
- Boron deficiencye3
- Outcome
- [B]e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e3“Boron deficiency decreased [B] in all tissues, especially in new leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron deficiency decreased chlorophyll concentration in both light levels.
- Treatment
- B deficiencye4
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll concentratione4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- in both light levelse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e4“Chlorophyll concentration decreased, and Mn-SOD increased transiently, with B deficiency in both light levels, but no other effects of low B were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron deficiency transiently increased Mn-SOD.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e4“Chlorophyll concentration decreased, and Mn-SOD increased transiently, with B deficiency in both light levels, but no other effects of low B were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
No other effects of low boron were observed.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e4“Chlorophyll concentration decreased, and Mn-SOD increased transiently, with B deficiency in both light levels, but no other effects of low B were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher light protected net photosynthesis under boron deficiency in another cultivar, Maverick White.
- Material
- Maverick Whitee5
- Treatment
- higher lighte5
- Outcome
- P ne5
- Direction
- highere5
- Qualifier
- 100, 300, and 500 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PARe5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e5“Protection of P n by higher light was confirmed in a different cultivar (Maverick White) grown at 100, 300, and 500 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PAR”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher light may ameliorate boron deficiency, perhaps partly through enhanced carbohydrate status.
- Treatment
- higher lighte6
- Outcome
- ameliorate B deficiencye6
- Qualifier
- perhaps partly due to enhanced carbohydrate statuse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium”
e6“Thus, in geranium, photosynthesis is affected by B deficiency before effects on leaf growth, and higher light can at least temporarily ameliorate B deficiency, perhaps partly due to enhanced carbohydrate status”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · growth · GeraniumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- positive
light · physiology: photosynthesis · GeraniumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.