Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural systems presents a significant risk to plant growth and development, food safety, and human health owing to its high toxicity and environmental mobility. It is crucial to develop eco-friendly strategies to alleviate Cd stress in crops, and algal extracts have demonstrated potential in improving plant tolerance to heavy metal stress. This study investigated the potential of Spirulina ( Limnospira ) platensis , Sargassum polycystum , and their combination in ameliorating cadmium (Cd) phytotoxicity and enhancing the remediation efficiency of hydroponic Pak Choi. Seedlings were exposed to 100 mg L -1 Cd alongside 0, 25, 50, and 100 mL L -1 (v/v) of algal extracts. Cd exposure alone severely impacted plant growth, reducing shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight (FW), shoot and root dry weight (DW), and leaf area by 61.45%, 66.03%, 88.67%, 63.55%, 79.33%, 67.80%, and 59.24%, respectively. Algal extracts significantly mitigated these negative effects. Chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoids decreased under Cd stress by 39.60%, 62.62%, and 41.74%, respectively, but T10 treatment (100 mg L -1 Cd and 100 mL L -1 S. platensis + S. polycystum ) increased them by 55.61%, 157.30%, and 70.05%. Photosynthetic efficiency (F v /F m ) dropped to 0.74 under Cd stress, while T10 treatment improved it to 0.80. Cd exposure reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and internal CO 2 by 55.91%, 50.00%, 50.24%, and 17.61%, respectively, but T7 treatment (100 mg L -1 Cd and 100 mL L -1 S. polycystum ) improved photosynthetic efficiency significantly. Oxidative stress markers (MDA, H 2 O 2 ) increased by 127.05% and 142.67% under Cd stress, but T10 treatment reduced them by 48.45% and 51.64%. Algal extracts treatments significantly reduced Cd accumulation in root cells. GC-MS analysis identified 52 metabolites, with algal extracts restoring or maintaining their levels. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of GC-MS data revealed distinct clusters within treatment groups, showing a positive correlation between metabolite changes and algal treatments. The PLS-DA model suggests algal extracts ameliorate Cd toxicity by regulating metabolite profiles. This study concludes that algal extracts, particularly at 100 mL L -1 (v/v), demonstrated the most pronounced mitigation of Cd toxicity. It also highlights the potential mechanisms behind their protective effects, which include enhanced photosynthetic performance, reduced oxidative stress, and metabolite regulation in Cd-stressed Pak Choi.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced shoot and root length by 61.45% and 66.03%.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Treatment
- Cd exposure alonee1
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthe1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 61.45%, 66.03%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Cd exposure alone severely impacted plant growth, reducing shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight (FW), shoot and root dry weight (DW), and leaf area by 61.45%, 66.03%, 88.67%, 63.55%, 79.33%, 67.80%, and 59.24%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced shoot and root fresh weight by 88.67% and 63.55%.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Treatment
- Cd exposure alonee1
- Outcome
- shoot and root fresh weight (FW)e1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 88.67%, 63.55%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Cd exposure alone severely impacted plant growth, reducing shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight (FW), shoot and root dry weight (DW), and leaf area by 61.45%, 66.03%, 88.67%, 63.55%, 79.33%, 67.80%, and 59.24%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced shoot and root dry weight by 79.33% and 67.80%.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Treatment
- Cd exposure alonee1
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weight (DW)e1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 79.33%, 67.80%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Cd exposure alone severely impacted plant growth, reducing shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight (FW), shoot and root dry weight (DW), and leaf area by 61.45%, 66.03%, 88.67%, 63.55%, 79.33%, 67.80%, and 59.24%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced leaf area by 59.24%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Cd exposure alone severely impacted plant growth, reducing shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight (FW), shoot and root dry weight (DW), and leaf area by 61.45%, 66.03%, 88.67%, 63.55%, 79.33%, 67.80%, and 59.24%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 39.60%, 62.62% and 41.74%.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoidse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 39.60%, 62.62%, and 41.74%e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“Chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoids decreased under Cd stress by 39.60%, 62.62%, and 41.74%, respectively, but T10 treatment (100 mg L -1 Cd and 100 mL L -1 S. platensis + S. polycystum ) increased them by 55.61%, 157.30%, and 70.05%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
T10 increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 55.61%, 157.30% and 70.05% relative to Cd stress.
Verbatim
e2“Chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoids decreased under Cd stress by 39.60%, 62.62%, and 41.74%, respectively, but T10 treatment (100 mg L -1 Cd and 100 mL L -1 S. platensis + S. polycystum ) increased them by 55.61%, 157.30%, and 70.05%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
T10 improved photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) to 0.80 under Cd stress, from 0.74.
Verbatim
e3“Photosynthetic efficiency (F v /F m ) dropped to 0.74 under Cd stress, while T10 treatment improved it to 0.80”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate by 55.91%, 50.00% and 50.24%.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree4
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration ratee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 55.91%, 50.00%, 50.24%e4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“Cd exposure reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and internal CO 2 by 55.91%, 50.00%, 50.24%, and 17.61%, respectively, but T7 treatment (100 mg L -1 Cd and 100 mL L -1 S. polycystum ) improved photosynthetic efficiency significantly”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure reduced internal CO2 by 17.61%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“Cd exposure reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and internal CO 2 by 55.91%, 50.00%, 50.24%, and 17.61%, respectively, but T7 treatment (100 mg L -1 Cd and 100 mL L -1 S. polycystum ) improved photosynthetic efficiency significantly”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 significantly improved photosynthetic efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“T7 treatment (100 mg L -1 Cd and 100 mL L -1 S. polycystum ) improved photosynthetic efficiency significantly”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased MDA and H2O2 by 127.05% and 142.67%.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse6
- Outcome
- MDA, H 2 O 2e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 127.05% and 142.67%e6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e6“Oxidative stress markers (MDA, H 2 O 2 ) increased by 127.05% and 142.67% under Cd stress, but T10 treatment reduced them by 48.45% and 51.64%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
T10 reduced MDA and H2O2 by 48.45% and 51.64% relative to Cd stress.
Verbatim
e6“Oxidative stress markers (MDA, H 2 O 2 ) increased by 127.05% and 142.67% under Cd stress, but T10 treatment reduced them by 48.45% and 51.64%”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extracts significantly reduced Cd accumulation in root cells.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Organ / stage
- root cellse7
- Treatment
- Algal extracts treatmentse7
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Algal extracts treatments significantly reduced Cd accumulation in root cells”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified 52 metabolites, with algal extracts restoring or maintaining their levels.
Verbatim
e6“GC-MS analysis identified 52 metabolites, with algal extracts restoring or maintaining their levels”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolite changes were positively correlated with algal treatments.
Verbatim
e5“showing a positive correlation between metabolite changes and algal treatments”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
The PLS-DA model suggests algal extracts ameliorate Cd toxicity by regulating metabolite profiles.
Verbatim
e4“The PLS-DA model suggests algal extracts ameliorate Cd toxicity by regulating metabolite profiles”
t0“Pak Choi”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extracts at 100 mL L-1 (v/v) showed the most pronounced mitigation of Cd toxicity.
- Taxon
- Pak Choit0
- Treatment
- 100 mL L -1 (v/v)e3
- Outcome
- mitigation of Cd toxicitye3
- Direction
- most pronouncede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“This study concludes that algal extracts, particularly at 100 mL L -1 (v/v), demonstrated the most pronounced mitigation of Cd toxicity”
t0“Pak Choi”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · physiology: pigments · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results differ
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →cadmium atom · growth · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results differ
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →heavy metal · physiology: oxidative · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →heavy metal · growth · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →botanical · nutrient: content · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heavy metal · physiology: pigments · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.