Abstract
Abstract Background Esculin, a natural coumarin glucoside with antioxidant properties, is a secondary metabolite found in various plant species and has been traditionally valued for its medicinal benefits. This study focused on evaluating the ability of esculin to enhance flax plant tolerance to lead (Pb) toxicity. Methodology Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L. Results The findings revealed that esculin application significantly improved the plants’ resilience to Pb toxicity. It reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL), while improving the membrane stability index (MSI). Esculin effectively alleviated oxidative stress by boosting the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), in addition to increasing total phenols and proline content. Furthermore, esculin contributes to maintaining membrane integrity by reducing sodium (Na) uptake and increasing the absorption of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca). It also minimizes Pb accumulation in the plants, further mitigating lead toxicity. These effects were associated with improved photosynthetic pigment concentrations, higher levels of soluble sugars (TSS), and an increase in free amino acids (FAA) under lead stress conditions. The application of esculin enhanced key agronomic traits, including shoot and root growth, fresh and dry biomass, seed yield per plant, and 1000-seed weight. Additionally, seed quality improved, with increased oil, carbohydrate, and protein content under Pb stress conditions. Conclusion In summary, esculin glycosides is a novel approach that effectively reduces lead toxicity and enhances stress tolerance in flax, offering a promising strategy for managing heavy metal stress in crops.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin significantly improved the resilience of lead-stressed flax to Pb toxicity.
- Taxon
- flax
Linum usitatissimumt0 - Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- resilience to Pb toxicitye2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“esculin application significantly improved the plants’ resilience to Pb toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin improved the membrane stability index of lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- membrane stability index (MSI)e3
- Direction
- improvinge3
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e3“while improving the membrane stability index (MSI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin reduced reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage in lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)e4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e4“It reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin boosted the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX)e5
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- boostinge5
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e5“by boosting the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL)”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin boosted the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase in lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL)e5
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- boostinge5
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e5“by boosting the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL)”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin increased total phenols and proline content in lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- total phenols and proline contente6
- Direction
- increasinge6
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e6“in addition to increasing total phenols and proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin reduced sodium uptake by lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- sodium (Na) uptakee7
- Direction
- reducinge7
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e7“esculin contributes to maintaining membrane integrity by reducing sodium (Na) uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin increased the absorption of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus by lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- absorption of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P)e2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“increasing the absorption of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin increased calcium absorption by lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca)e2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“increasing the absorption of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin minimized lead accumulation in flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- Pb accumulatione2
- Direction
- minimizese2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“It also minimizes Pb accumulation in the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin improved photosynthetic pigment concentrations in lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment concentrationse2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“These effects were associated with improved photosynthetic pigment concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin raised soluble sugar (TSS) levels in lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- soluble sugars (TSS)e2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“higher levels of soluble sugars (TSS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin increased free amino acids in lead-stressed flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- free amino acids (FAA)e2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Qualifier
- under lead stress conditionse2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“an increase in free amino acids (FAA) under lead stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin enhanced shoot and root growth and fresh and dry biomass of flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- shoot and root growth, fresh and dry biomasse2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“The application of esculin enhanced key agronomic traits, including shoot and root growth, fresh and dry biomass, seed yield per plant, and 1000-seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin enhanced seed yield per plant and 1000-seed weight of flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- seed yield per plant, and 1000-seed weighte2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“The application of esculin enhanced key agronomic traits, including shoot and root growth, fresh and dry biomass, seed yield per plant, and 1000-seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Esculin increased oil, carbohydrate and protein content of flax seed under lead stress.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of esculine1
- Outcome
- oil, carbohydrate, and protein contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- under Pb stress conditionse2
- Comparator
- a lead solution (200 mg/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Role of esculin antioxidant on remediation of lead toxicity on flax growth and yield components”
e1“Flax plants were irrigated with either distilled water or a lead solution (200 mg/L) and subsequently treated with foliar sprays of esculin at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L”
e2“Additionally, seed quality improved, with increased oil, carbohydrate, and protein content under Pb stress conditions”
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8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.