Abstract
The growing market demand for environmentally friendly products for plant nutrition has led to the development of new fertilizers, particularly liquid compost-based products such as teas, extracts, and leachates. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of chemical fertilization (CF) and its combination with liquid fertilizer based on vermicompost and beneficial microorganisms (CF + VP) on the phytochemical profile of strawberry (Senga Sengana), blackberry (Čačanska Bestrna) and blueberry (Aurora). The results showed that CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kg FW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits. Significantly higher fruit weight (15.5 g), total sugars (62.4 g/kg FW), organic acids (9.6 g/kg FW), and flavanones (20.06 mg/100 g FW) content in strawberry fruits were confirmed in CF + VP. The same treatment exhibited the highest effectiveness in terms of organic acids (17.3 g/kg FW) and anthocyanins (153.26 g/kg FW) in blueberry. The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF, and the positive impact was particularly pronounced in the phenolic composition of blackberries. Taking into account the stimulating effects on the sensory and nutritional value of the fruit of the studied berry species, the usa of VP as a supplement to CF can be regarded as a sustainable practice for enhancing growing technology aimed at obtaining biologically valuable fruits.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP positively affected blackberry fruit weight, 8.8 g, compared with CF.
RubusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kg FW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP positively affected blackberry soluble solids, 8.9°Bx, compared with CF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kg FW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP positively affected blackberry total sugars, 65.5 g/kg FW, compared with CF.
- Treatment
- CF + VPe1
- Outcome
- total sugarse1
- Direction
- positively affectede1
- Value
- 65.5 g/kg FWe1
- Comparator
- CFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kg FW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP positively affected the sum of all phenolic groups in blackberry, 275.12 g/kg FW, compared with CF.
- Treatment
- CF + VPe1
- Outcome
- the sum of all phenolic groupse1
- Direction
- positively affectede1
- Value
- 275.12 g/kg FWe1
- Comparator
- CFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kg FW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP significantly increased strawberry fruit weight, 15.5 g, compared with CF.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae2 - Treatment
- CF + VPe2
- Outcome
- fruit weighte2
- Direction
- Significantly highere2
- Value
- 15.5 ge2
- Comparator
- CFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“Significantly higher fruit weight (15.5 g), total sugars (62.4 g/kg FW), organic acids (9.6 g/kg FW), and flavanones (20.06 mg/100 g FW) content in strawberry fruits were confirmed in CF + VP”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP significantly increased strawberry total sugars, 62.4 g/kg FW, compared with CF.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae2
- Treatment
- CF + VPe2
- Outcome
- total sugarse2
- Direction
- Significantly highere2
- Value
- 62.4 g/kg FWe2
- Comparator
- CFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Significantly higher fruit weight (15.5 g), total sugars (62.4 g/kg FW), organic acids (9.6 g/kg FW), and flavanones (20.06 mg/100 g FW) content in strawberry fruits were confirmed in CF + VP”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP significantly increased strawberry organic acids, 9.6 g/kg FW, compared with CF.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae2
- Treatment
- CF + VPe2
- Outcome
- organic acidse2
- Direction
- Significantly highere2
- Value
- 9.6 g/kg FWe2
- Comparator
- CFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Significantly higher fruit weight (15.5 g), total sugars (62.4 g/kg FW), organic acids (9.6 g/kg FW), and flavanones (20.06 mg/100 g FW) content in strawberry fruits were confirmed in CF + VP”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP significantly increased strawberry flavanone content, 20.06 mg/100 g FW, compared with CF.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae2
- Treatment
- CF + VPe2
- Outcome
- flavanonese2
- Direction
- Significantly highere2
- Value
- 20.06 mg/100 g FWe2
- Comparator
- CFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Significantly higher fruit weight (15.5 g), total sugars (62.4 g/kg FW), organic acids (9.6 g/kg FW), and flavanones (20.06 mg/100 g FW) content in strawberry fruits were confirmed in CF + VP”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP gave the highest blueberry organic acid content, 17.3 g/kg FW, compared with CF.
Verbatim
e1“CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kg FW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits”
e3“The same treatment exhibited the highest effectiveness in terms of organic acids (17.3 g/kg FW) and anthocyanins (153.26 g/kg FW) in blueberry”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP gave the highest blueberry anthocyanin content, 153.26 g/kg FW, compared with CF.
Verbatim
e1“CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kg FW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits”
e3“The same treatment exhibited the highest effectiveness in terms of organic acids (17.3 g/kg FW) and anthocyanins (153.26 g/kg FW) in blueberry”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
CF + VP improved all components of berry fruit quality in the examined species compared with CF.
Verbatim
t0“Application of vermicompost extract to improve the phytochemical composition of berry fruits”
e4“The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend VP as a supplement to CF as a sustainable practice for berry fruit growing.
Verbatim
e5“the fruit of the studied berry species”
e6“the usa of VP as a supplement to CF can be regarded as a sustainable practice for enhancing growing technology”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.