Abstract
Origanum majorana L. has been gaining popularity as a source of bioactive phytopharmaceutical compounds. Natural rocks (NRs, natural nutrient sources) have been potentially attractive as substitutes for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium chemical fertilizer (CF) without any harmful impact on plant productivity. The integration of NRs with biofertilizers and CF not only supplies essential nutrients but also improves nutrient use efficiency, plant growth and quality. A two-year field trial with a completely randomized block design was conducted to assess the integrative effects of NRs, i.e. Feldspar® (potassium source), rock-phosphate® (phosphorus source) and nitrogen ore® (organic nitrogen source) with biofertilizers and CF on sweet marjoram plant growth, ion content and uptake, essential oil (EO) yield and their components. Application of 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers showed maximum plant height, branch number plant−1, herbal fresh and dry weights, herbal mass yield, nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %, iron concentration, zinc concentration, manganese concentration, EO %, EO yield, as compared to other treatments or control (100% recommended CF) in both cuts during two seasons. The marjoram EO has 36 components with different percentages. The highest percentage of EO constituents including β-pinene, γ-terpinene, 4-thujanol, α-pinene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, linalyl acetate, cis-carveol, epiglobulol, caryophyllene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate and α-himachalene was recorded under 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatment over all treatments. Conclusively, it is possible to replace 50% of CF quantity through NRs with biofertilizer application, without any drastic impact on plant growth, essential oil yield and constituents of sweet marjoram.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment maximized plant height and branch number relative to other treatments and the chemical fertilizer control.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoram
Origanum majoranat0 - Treatment
- 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- plant height, branch number plant−1e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- in both cuts during two seasonse0
- Comparator
- other treatments or control (100% recommended CF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“Application of 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers showed maximum plant height, branch number plant−1, herbal fresh and dry weights, herbal mass yield, nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %, iron concentration, zinc concentration, manganese concentration, EO %, EO yield, as compared to other treatments or control (100% recommended CF) in both cuts during two seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment maximized herbal fresh and dry weights and herbal mass yield.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- herbal fresh and dry weights, herbal mass yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- other treatments or control (100% recommended CF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“Application of 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers showed maximum plant height, branch number plant−1, herbal fresh and dry weights, herbal mass yield, nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %, iron concentration, zinc concentration, manganese concentration, EO %, EO yield, as compared to other treatments or control (100% recommended CF) in both cuts during two seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment maximized nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium percentages.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- other treatments or control (100% recommended CF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“Application of 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers showed maximum plant height, branch number plant−1, herbal fresh and dry weights, herbal mass yield, nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %, iron concentration, zinc concentration, manganese concentration, EO %, EO yield, as compared to other treatments or control (100% recommended CF) in both cuts during two seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment maximized iron, zinc and manganese concentrations.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- iron concentration, zinc concentration, manganese concentratione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- other treatments or control (100% recommended CF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“Application of 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers showed maximum plant height, branch number plant−1, herbal fresh and dry weights, herbal mass yield, nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %, iron concentration, zinc concentration, manganese concentration, EO %, EO yield, as compared to other treatments or control (100% recommended CF) in both cuts during two seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment maximized essential oil percentage and yield.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- EO %, EO yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- other treatments or control (100% recommended CF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“Application of 50% recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers showed maximum plant height, branch number plant−1, herbal fresh and dry weights, herbal mass yield, nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %, iron concentration, zinc concentration, manganese concentration, EO %, EO yield, as compared to other treatments or control (100% recommended CF) in both cuts during two seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
Marjoram essential oil contained 36 components.
Verbatim
e0“The marjoram EO has 36 components with different percentages.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment gave the highest percentages of β-pinene, γ-terpinene and 4-thujanol.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatmente0
- Outcome
- percentage of EO constituents including β-pinene, γ-terpinene, 4-thujanole0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“The highest percentage of EO constituents including β-pinene, γ-terpinene, 4-thujanol, α-pinene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, linalyl acetate, cis-carveol, epiglobulol, caryophyllene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate and α-himachalene was recorded under 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatment over all treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment gave the highest percentages of α-pinene, linalool and 1,8-cineole.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatmente0
- Outcome
- α-pinene, linalool, 1,8-cineolee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“The highest percentage of EO constituents including β-pinene, γ-terpinene, 4-thujanol, α-pinene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, linalyl acetate, cis-carveol, epiglobulol, caryophyllene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate and α-himachalene was recorded under 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatment over all treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment gave the highest percentages of linalyl acetate, cis-carveol and epiglobulol.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatmente0
- Outcome
- linalyl acetate, cis-carveol, epiglobulole0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“The highest percentage of EO constituents including β-pinene, γ-terpinene, 4-thujanol, α-pinene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, linalyl acetate, cis-carveol, epiglobulol, caryophyllene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate and α-himachalene was recorded under 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatment over all treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer treatment gave the highest percentages of caryophyllene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate and α-himachalene.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Treatment
- 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatmente0
- Outcome
- caryophyllene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate and α-himachalenee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“The highest percentage of EO constituents including β-pinene, γ-terpinene, 4-thujanol, α-pinene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, linalyl acetate, cis-carveol, epiglobulol, caryophyllene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate and α-himachalene was recorded under 50% of recommended CF + 50% NRs with biofertilizers treatment over all treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that half of chemical fertilizer can be replaced with natural rocks and biofertilizers for sweet marjoram without drastic impacts.
- Taxon
- sweet marjoramOriganum majoranat0
- Outcome
- replace 50% of CF quantity through NRs with biofertilizer applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet marjoram”
e0“it is possible to replace 50% of CF quantity through NRs with biofertilizer application, without any drastic impact on plant growth, essential oil yield and constituents of sweet marjoram.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.