Abstract
Cultivating crops in the hot, arid conditions of the Arabian Peninsula often requires irrigation with brackish water, which exposes plants to salinity and heat stress. Timely, cost-effective monitoring of plant health can significantly enhance crop management. In this context, remote sensing techniques offer promising alternatives. This study evaluates several low-cost, ground-level remote sensing methods and compares them with benchmark analytical techniques for assessing salt stress in two economically important woody species, moringa and pomegranate. The species were irrigated under three salinity levels: low (2 dS m−1), medium (5 dS m−1), and high (10 dS m−1). Remote sensing tools included RGB, multispectral, and thermal cameras mounted on selfie sticks for canopy imaging, as well as portable leaf pigment and chlorophyll fluorescence meters. Analytical benchmarks included sodium (Na) accumulation, carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and nitrogen (N) concentration in leaf dry matter. As salinity increased from low to medium, canopy temperatures, vegetation indices, and δ13C values rose. However, increasing salinity from medium to high levels led to a rise in Na accumulation without further significant changes in other remote sensing and analytical parameters. In moringa and across the three salinity levels, the Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) and leaf chlorophyll content on an area basis showed significant correlations with δ13C (r = 0.758, p < 0.001; r = 0.423, p < 0.05) and N (r = 0.482, p < 0.01; r = 0.520, p < 0.01). In pomegranate, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and chlorophyll were strongly correlated with δ13C (r = 0.633, p < 0.01 and r = 0.767, p < 0.001) and N (r = 0.832, p < 0.001 and r = 0.770, p < 0.001). Remote sensing was particularly effective at detecting plant responses between low and medium salinity, with stronger correlations observed in pomegranate.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy temperature, vegetation indices and δ13C increased from low to medium salinity.
- Taxon
- moringa and pomegranate
Moringa
Punica granatumt0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- canopy temperatures, vegetation indices, and δ13C valuese0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Comparator
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As salinity increased from low to medium, canopy temperatures, vegetation indices, and δ13C values rose”
t0“moringa and pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium accumulation rose from medium to high salinity.
- Taxon
- moringa and pomegranateMoringaPunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Na accumulatione0
- Direction
- risee0
- Comparator
- mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing salinity from medium to high levels led to a rise in Na accumulation”
t0“moringa and pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Other sensing and analytical parameters showed no further significant change from medium to high salinity.
- Taxon
- moringa and pomegranateMoringaPunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- other remote sensing and analytical parameterse0
- Direction
- without further significant changese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without further significant changes in other remote sensing and analytical parameters”
t0“moringa and pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Moringa NDRE correlated with δ13C.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) and leaf chlorophyll content on an area basis showed significant correlations with δ13C (r = 0.758, p < 0.001; r = 0.423, p < 0.05)”
t0“moringa”
Claim · model-written summary
Moringa leaf chlorophyll content correlated with δ13C.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf chlorophyll content on an area basis showed significant correlations with δ13C (r = 0.758, p < 0.001; r = 0.423, p < 0.05)”
t0“moringa”
Claim · model-written summary
Moringa NDRE correlated with nitrogen concentration.
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N (r = 0.482, p < 0.01; r = 0.520, p < 0.01)”
t0“moringa”
Claim · model-written summary
Moringa leaf chlorophyll correlated with nitrogen concentration.
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N (r = 0.482, p < 0.01; r = 0.520, p < 0.01)”
t0“moringa”
Claim · model-written summary
Pomegranate NDVI correlated with δ13C.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- δ13Ce0
- Direction
- correlatede0
- Value
- r = 0.633e0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.01e0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and chlorophyll were strongly correlated with δ13C (r = 0.633, p < 0.01 and r = 0.767, p < 0.001)”
t0“pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Pomegranate chlorophyll correlated with δ13C.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- δ13Ce0
- Direction
- correlatede0
- Value
- r = 0.767e0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.001e0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll were strongly correlated with δ13C (r = 0.633, p < 0.01 and r = 0.767, p < 0.001)”
t0“pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Pomegranate NDVI correlated with nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Value
- r = 0.832e0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.001e0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N (r = 0.832, p < 0.001 and r = 0.770, p < 0.001)”
t0“pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Pomegranate chlorophyll correlated with nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Value
- r = 0.770e0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.001e0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N (r = 0.832, p < 0.001 and r = 0.770, p < 0.001)”
t0“pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Remote sensing detected plant responses particularly well between low and medium salinity, with stronger correlations in pomegranate.
- Taxon
- moringa and pomegranateMoringaPunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- detecting plant responsese0
- Qualifier
- between low and medium salinitye0
- Comparator
- pomegranatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Remote sensing was particularly effective at detecting plant responses between low and medium salinity, with stronger correlations observed in pomegranate”
t0“moringa and pomegranate”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.