Abstract
The optimization of plant root distribution plays an important role in obtaining deep soil resources, and enhancement of photosynthetic performance has been demonstrated to maintain wheat production, but the ideal water-nitrogen (N) utilization regime for winter wheat root-shoot growth remains unclear. A 2-year field experiment was conducted during the wheat growing seasons of 2020–2022, with two irrigation levels (W0, no irrigation; W1, irrigation 75 mm at jointing and anthesis stages) and three N rates (N0, 0 kg ha −1 ; N180, 180 kg ha −1 ; N300, 300 kg ha −1 ), N was applied before ploughing (50 %) and jointing stage (50 %). Wheat yield and yield components, leaf area index (LAI), radiative vegetation index, population canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP), and root system architecture were examined. Irrigation significantly increased the spike number by 13.5 %, and the yield by 15.5 % ( P < 0.05) with respect to W0. N fertilization increased the spike number and grains per spike by 34.3 % and 11.2 % with respect to N0. Population quality (LAI, vegetation index, and ratio vegetation index) also increased under irrigation and N treatments; W1N180 increased the canopy photosynthetic rate by 3.5 %–12.8 % with respect to W1N300. Structural equation modeling indicated that root dry weight density (RWD) had a direct positive effect on CAP, whereas CAP and root-shoot ratio had significant effects on yield, and the physiological efficiency of N had direct negative effects on changes in grain yield. Therefore, W1N180 treatment may be considered the optimal management practice for resource use efficiency and environmental benefits of sustainable agricultural development.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased spike number by 13.5% versus W0.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- spike numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.5 %e0
- Comparator
- W0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation significantly increased the spike number by 13.5 %, and the yield by 15.5 % ( P < 0.05) with respect to W0.”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased yield by 15.5% versus W0.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.5 %e0
- Comparator
- W0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation significantly increased the spike number by 13.5 %, and the yield by 15.5 % ( P < 0.05) with respect to W0.”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization increased spike number by 34.3% versus N0.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- spike numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.3 %e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization increased the spike number and grains per spike by 34.3 % and 11.2 % with respect to N0.”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization increased grains per spike by 11.2% versus N0.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grains per spikee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.2 %e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization increased the spike number and grains per spike by 34.3 % and 11.2 % with respect to N0.”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased LAI and vegetation indices.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- LAI, vegetation index, and ratio vegetation indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Population quality (LAI, vegetation index, and ratio vegetation index) also increased under irrigation and N treatments”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
N treatment increased LAI and vegetation indices.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N treatmentse0
- Outcome
- LAI, vegetation index, and ratio vegetation indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Population quality (LAI, vegetation index, and ratio vegetation index) also increased under irrigation and N treatments”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
W1N180 increased canopy photosynthesis 3.5%–12.8% versus W1N300.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W1N180e0
- Outcome
- canopy photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.5 %–12.8 %e0
- Comparator
- W1N300e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1N180 increased the canopy photosynthetic rate by 3.5 %–12.8 % with respect to W1N300.”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry weight density had a direct positive modeled effect on canopy photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- CAPe0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root dry weight density (RWD) had a direct positive effect on CAP”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy photosynthesis significantly affected yield in the structural equation model.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- root-shoote0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Qualifier
- CAPe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAP and root-shoot ratio had significant effects on yield”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-shoot ratio significantly affected yield in the structural equation model.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- root-shoote0
- Outcome
- yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAP and root-shoot ratio had significant effects on yield”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
N physiological efficiency had a direct negative modeled effect on grain yield changes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- changes in grain yielde0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the physiological efficiency of N had direct negative effects on changes in grain yield.”
t0“wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend W1N180 for resource efficiency and environmental benefits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W1N180 treatmente0
- Outcome
- optimal management practice for resource use efficiency and environmental benefitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1N180 treatment may be considered the optimal management practice for resource use efficiency and environmental benefits”
t0“wheat productivity”
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