Abstract
Winter wheat is one of the world’s most important food crops, and effective water and fertilizer management is crucial for optimizing its yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency. Unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing provides a reliable tool for accurately monitoring winter wheat growth and dynamically adjusting water and fertilizer strategies to enhance yield. In this study, a water and fertilizer experiment was conducted in Xinxiang County, Henan Province, a region with a warm temperate continental monsoon climate, characterized by hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. Various water (W1: 0 mm, W2: 50 mm, W3: 100 mm, W4: 150 mm) and nitrogen (N1: 0 kg/ha, N2: 90 kg/ha, N3: 210 kg/ha, N4: 330 kg/ha) treatments were applied. Subsequently, the effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on winter wheat yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency were evaluated, and the response patterns between winter wheat spectral features (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) and texture features (Contrast) and yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency were analyzed. The main findings are: (1) Winter wheat yield increased with higher irrigation and nitrogen levels but plateaued when irrigation reached 120 mm and nitrogen application was 225 kg/ha, beyond which further increases showed no significant improvement; (2) Water-fertilizer use efficiency decreased with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels but improved with synergistic water-fertilizer interactions. The N3W3 treatment achieved high yield while maintaining superior water-fertilizer use efficiency (irrigation water use efficiency: 1.28 kg/m³, agronomic nitrogen efficiency: 13.33 kg/kg, and fertilizer benefit: 5961.30 RMB/ha), making it the most effective management strategy; (3) NDVI exhibited saturation under high-density conditions, limiting its sensitivity to subtle differences in winter wheat. Conversely, Contrast provided complementary insights into canopy structure, revealing variations in uniformity and resource efficiency under excessive water and nitrogen inputs. Integrating NDVI with Contrast enabled a more accurate assessment of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency, offering actionable insights for optimizing water-fertilizer management strategies. • Yield increased with irrigation and nitrogen but plateaued beyond 100 mm/210 kg/hm 2 . • Contrast can reveals canopy structure variations under excessive resource inputs. • Integrating NDVI and Contrast can assess water-fertilizer management. • Remote sensing potential for rapidly monitoring water-fertilizer use efficiency.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat yield increased with higher irrigation and nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen levelse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e1“Winter wheat yield increased with higher irrigation and nitrogen levels but plateaued when irrigation reached 120 mm and nitrogen application was 225 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat yield plateaued when irrigation reached 120 mm and nitrogen was 225 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation reached 120 mme1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- plateauede1
- Value
- 120 mme1
- Qualifier
- nitrogen application was 225 kg/hae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e1“Winter wheat yield increased with higher irrigation and nitrogen levels but plateaued when irrigation reached 120 mm and nitrogen application was 225 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-fertilizer use efficiency decreased with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation and nitrogen levelse2
- Outcome
- Water-fertilizer use efficiencye2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e2“Water-fertilizer use efficiency decreased with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels but improved with synergistic water-fertilizer interactions”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-fertilizer use efficiency improved with synergistic water-fertilizer interactions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synergistic water-fertilizer interactionse2
- Outcome
- Water-fertilizer use efficiencye2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e2“Water-fertilizer use efficiency decreased with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels but improved with synergistic water-fertilizer interactions”
Claim · model-written summary
The N3W3 treatment had irrigation water use efficiency of 1.28 kg/m³ with superior water-fertilizer use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3W3e3
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- superiore3
- Value
- 1.28 kg/m³e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e3“The N3W3 treatment achieved high yield while maintaining superior water-fertilizer use efficiency (irrigation water use efficiency: 1.28 kg/m³, agronomic nitrogen efficiency: 13.33 kg/kg, and fertilizer benefit: 5961.30 RMB/ha), making it the most effective management strategy”
Claim · model-written summary
The N3W3 treatment had agronomic nitrogen efficiency of 13.33 kg/kg.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3W3e3
- Outcome
- agronomic nitrogen efficiencye3
- Direction
- superiore3
- Value
- 13.33 kg/kge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e3“The N3W3 treatment achieved high yield while maintaining superior water-fertilizer use efficiency (irrigation water use efficiency: 1.28 kg/m³, agronomic nitrogen efficiency: 13.33 kg/kg, and fertilizer benefit: 5961.30 RMB/ha), making it the most effective management strategy”
Claim · model-written summary
The N3W3 treatment had fertilizer benefit of 5961.30 RMB/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3W3e3
- Outcome
- fertilizer benefite3
- Direction
- superiore3
- Value
- 5961.30 RMB/hae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e3“The N3W3 treatment achieved high yield while maintaining superior water-fertilizer use efficiency (irrigation water use efficiency: 1.28 kg/m³, agronomic nitrogen efficiency: 13.33 kg/kg, and fertilizer benefit: 5961.30 RMB/ha), making it the most effective management strategy”
Claim · model-written summary
The N3W3 treatment achieved high yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3W3e3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- highe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e3“The N3W3 treatment achieved high yield while maintaining superior water-fertilizer use efficiency (irrigation water use efficiency: 1.28 kg/m³, agronomic nitrogen efficiency: 13.33 kg/kg, and fertilizer benefit: 5961.30 RMB/ha), making it the most effective management strategy”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend N3W3 as the most effective water and fertilizer management strategy.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3W3e3
- Outcome
- most effective management strategye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e3“The N3W3 treatment achieved high yield while maintaining superior water-fertilizer use efficiency (irrigation water use efficiency: 1.28 kg/m³, agronomic nitrogen efficiency: 13.33 kg/kg, and fertilizer benefit: 5961.30 RMB/ha), making it the most effective management strategy”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI saturates under high-density conditions, limiting its sensitivity to subtle differences in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high-density conditionse4
- Outcome
- saturatione4
- Qualifier
- limiting its sensitivity to subtle differencese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e4“NDVI exhibited saturation under high-density conditions, limiting its sensitivity to subtle differences in winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Contrast reveals variations in canopy uniformity under excessive water and nitrogen inputs.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- excessive water and nitrogen inputse5
- Outcome
- variations in uniformitye5
- Qualifier
- canopy structuree5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e5“Conversely, Contrast provided complementary insights into canopy structure, revealing variations in uniformity and resource efficiency under excessive water and nitrogen inputs”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrating NDVI with Contrast gives a more accurate assessment of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Integrating NDVI with Contraste6
- Outcome
- assessment of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiencye6
- Direction
- more accuratee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Remote sensing-based analysis of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat management”
e6“Integrating NDVI with Contrast enabled a more accurate assessment of yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency”
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