Abstract
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial soil fungi with potential as a biofertilizer. Since calcareous soil in the Timor dryland is infertile and has capacity to fix phosphorus (P), the application of AMF could be an alternative to improve plant productivity in the region. A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil. The trial was arranged in a split-plot design, with AMF inoculation as the main plot factor and NPK fertilizer as the sub-plot factor. The main plots included two levels: without AMF inoculation (M0) and AMF inoculation (M1), while the sub-plots consisted of four NPK rates: P1 (25%), P2 (50%), P3 (75%) and P4 (100%) of the recommended rate (200 kg NPK ha −1 ). The results revealed a significant interaction between AMF application and NPK fertilizer dose on plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weight, soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonization. Plants inoculated with AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizer, particularly 25% NPK, had higher plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weight compared to plants supplied with a high level of inorganic fertilizer alone. Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1 , while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1 , representing a 77% increase. AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizer increased P availability more effectively than NPK fertilizer alone. High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced plant growth and yield, AMF spore density and colonization. Further studies on a larger scale are needed to confirm these findings.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
AMF by NPK interaction was significant for plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weight of green gram.
- Taxon
- green gram
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Vigna radiata var. radiatae0 - Treatment
- AMF application and NPK fertilizer dosee1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weighte1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e1“The results revealed a significant interaction between AMF application and NPK fertilizer dose on plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weight, soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF by NPK interaction was significant for soil available P, AMF spore density and AMF colonization.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- AMF application and NPK fertilizer dosee1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonizatione1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e1“The results revealed a significant interaction between AMF application and NPK fertilizer dose on plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weight, soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizer increased fresh biomass, pod number and seed dry weight of green gram relative to a high level of inorganic fertilizer alone.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizere2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weighte2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- 25% NPKe2
- Comparator
- a high level of inorganic fertilizer alonee2
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e2“Plants inoculated with AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizer, particularly 25% NPK, had higher plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weight compared to plants supplied with a high level of inorganic fertilizer alone”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizer increased P availability more effectively than NPK fertilizer alone.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizere3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- P availabilitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- more effectivelye3
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizer alonee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e3“AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizer increased P availability more effectively than NPK fertilizer alone”
Claim · model-written summary
High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced green gram growth and yield.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMFe4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth and yielde4
- Direction
- reducede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e4“High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced plant growth and yield, AMF spore density and colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced AMF spore density and colonization.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMFe4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF spore density and colonizatione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e4“High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced plant growth and yield, AMF spore density and colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest seed dry weight of green gram, 17.97 g plant −1, was obtained under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizere5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- seed dry weighte5
- Value
- 17.97 g plant −1e5
- Qualifier
- higheste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e5“Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1, while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1, representing a 77% increase”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 100% NPK alone, seed dry weight of green gram was 10.1 g plant −1.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK)e5
- Outcome
- seed dry weighte5
- Value
- 10.1 g plant −1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e5“Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1, while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1, representing a 77% increase”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF combined with 25% NPK increased seed dry weight by 77% relative to the highest NPK regime alone.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizere5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- seed dry weighte5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 77%e5
- Comparator
- the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”
e5“Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1, while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1, representing a 77% increase”
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