Abstract
BACKGROUND: The symbiosis among plants, rhizobia, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is one of the most well-known symbiotic relationships in nature. However, it is still unclear how bilateral/tripartite symbiosis works under resource-limited conditions and the diverse genetic backgrounds of the host. RESULTS: Using a full factorial design, we manipulated mungbean accessions/subspecies, rhizobia, and AMF to test their effects on each other. Rhizobia functions as a typical facilitator by increasing plant nitrogen content, plant weight, chlorophyll content, and AMF colonization. In contrast, AMF resulted in a tradeoff in plants (reducing biomass for phosphorus acquisition) and behaved as a competitor in reducing rhizobia fitness (nodule weight). Plant genotype did not have a significant effect on AMF fitness, but different mungbean accessions had distinct rhizobia affinities. In contrast to previous studies, the positive relationship between plant and rhizobia fitness was attenuated in the presence of AMF, with wild mungbean being more responsive to the beneficial effect of rhizobia and attenuation by AMF. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that this complex tripartite relationship does not unconditionally benefit all parties. Moreover, rhizobia species and host genetic background affect the symbiotic relationship significantly. This study provides a new opportunity to re-evaluate the relationships between legume plants and their symbiotic partners.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobia acted as a facilitator in mungbean by increasing plant nitrogen content, plant weight and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- Rhizobiae1
- Interactor
- Rhizobiae1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant nitrogen content, plant weight, chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Rhizobia functions as a typical facilitator by increasing plant nitrogen content, plant weight, chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobia increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization in mungbean.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Rhizobiae1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizobiae1symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonizatione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Rhizobia functions as a typical facilitator by increasing plant nitrogen content, plant weight, chlorophyll content, and AMF colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF caused a tradeoff in mungbean plants by reducing biomass for phosphorus acquisition.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Qualifier
- for phosphorus acquisitione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“AMF resulted in a tradeoff in plants (reducing biomass for phosphorus acquisition)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF behaved as a competitor by reducing rhizobia fitness, measured as nodule weight, in mungbean.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- rhizobiae1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- nodule weighte1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“AMF resulted in a tradeoff in plants (reducing biomass for phosphorus acquisition) and behaved as a competitor in reducing rhizobia fitness (nodule weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant genotype did not have a significant effect on AMF fitness in mungbean.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Plant genotypee1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF fitnesse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Plant genotype did not have a significant effect on AMF fitness”
Claim · model-written summary
Different mungbean accessions had distinct rhizobia affinities.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Material
- mungbean accessionse1
- Interactor
- rhizobiae1symbiont
- Outcome
- distinct rhizobia affinitiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“different mungbean accessions had distinct rhizobia affinities”
Claim · model-written summary
The positive relationship between plant and rhizobia fitness was attenuated in the presence of AMF in mungbean.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- presence of AMFe1
- Interactor
- rhizobiae1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- positive relationship between plant and rhizobia fitnesse1
- Direction
- attenuatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“the positive relationship between plant and rhizobia fitness was attenuated in the presence of AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild mungbean was more responsive to the beneficial effect of rhizobia and to the attenuation by AMF.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Material
- wild mungbeane1
- Interactor
- rhizobiae1symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- responsive to the beneficial effect of rhizobiae1
- Direction
- more responsivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wild mungbean being more responsive to the beneficial effect of rhizobia and attenuation by AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
The tripartite relationship among mungbean, rhizobia and AMF does not unconditionally benefit all parties.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- does not unconditionally benefit all partiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“this complex tripartite relationship does not unconditionally benefit all parties”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobia species and host genetic background significantly affected the symbiotic relationship in mungbean.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- rhizobia species and host genetic backgrounde1
- Outcome
- symbiotic relationshipe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“rhizobia species and host genetic background affect the symbiotic relationship significantly”
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