Abstract
Irrigation with wastewater imperils human health by introducing toxic metals, harmful pathogens, and organic and inorganic pollutants into crops that potentially contaminate the entire food chain.This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), focusing on morphophysiological parameters, which were assessed alongside biochemical stress markers such as photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative and secondary metabolites.Water physiochemical analysis showed that the Madhuana drain wastewater contained the maximum heavy metal concentration, including lead (1.5 mg/L), cadmium (0.13 mg/L), chromium (0.83 mg/L), and zinc (5.46 mg/L), then other irrigation treatments but all wastewater sources beyond the recommended permissible limit.The growth results indicated that Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%), and also increased metal accumulation, including Pb (3.75 mg/kg), Zn (12.92 mg/ kg), Cd (1.21 mg/kg), and Cr (2.05 mg/kg), while photosynthetic pigments revealed a significant reduction, with chlorophyll content declining by 40%, 31%, and 60% than all other irrigation treatments.Oxidative stress markers including MDA, EL, and H 2 O 2 were elevated, indicating cellular damage by 64%, 62%, and 73%.Enzymatic antioxidant assays (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and secondary metabolites (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and anthocyanin) elevated by 50% and 40%, respectively, indicating a response against heavy metal stress.These findings underscore that untreated wastewater adversely influences plant metabolic mechanisms that ultimately reduce growth and physiological processes.To protect food security and yield, strict wastewater treatment procedures must be put in place to reduce environmental contamination.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater contained the maximum heavy metal concentration, beyond the recommended permissible limit.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.
Lactuca sativae1 - Outcome
- heavy metal concentratione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- beyond the recommended permissible limite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e0“Water physiochemical analysis showed that the Madhuana drain wastewater contained the maximum heavy metal concentration, including lead (1.5 mg/L), cadmium (0.13 mg/L), chromium (0.83 mg/L), and zinc (5.46 mg/L), then other irrigation treatments but all wastewater sources beyond the recommended permissible limit”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation decreased plant fresh weight by 19%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Outcome
- plant fresh weighte2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 19%e2
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation decreased plant dry biomass by 22%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Outcome
- plant dry biomasse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 22%e2
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation decreased leaves per plant by 26%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Outcome
- leaves per plante2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 26%e2
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation decreased leaf area by 40%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Outcome
- leaf areae2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 40%e2
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation decreased plant height by 45%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 45%e2
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation increased lead accumulation in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Compound
- Pbe7
- Outcome
- metal accumulatione7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 3.75 mg/kge7
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
e7“also increased metal accumulation, including Pb (3.75 mg/kg), Zn (12.92 mg/ kg), Cd (1.21 mg/kg), and Cr (2.05 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation increased zinc accumulation in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Compound
- Zne7
- Outcome
- metal accumulatione7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 12.92 mg/ kge7
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
e7“also increased metal accumulation, including Pb (3.75 mg/kg), Zn (12.92 mg/ kg), Cd (1.21 mg/kg), and Cr (2.05 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation increased cadmium accumulation in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Compound
- Cde7
- Outcome
- metal accumulatione7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 1.21 mg/kge7
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
e7“also increased metal accumulation, including Pb (3.75 mg/kg), Zn (12.92 mg/ kg), Cd (1.21 mg/kg), and Cr (2.05 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation increased chromium accumulation in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Compound
- Cre7
- Outcome
- metal accumulatione7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 2.05 mg/kge7
- Comparator
- canal water (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
e7“also increased metal accumulation, including Pb (3.75 mg/kg), Zn (12.92 mg/ kg), Cd (1.21 mg/kg), and Cr (2.05 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content declined by 40%, 31% and 60% under Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation compared with the other irrigation treatments.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Madhuana drain wastewater irrigatione2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente3
- Direction
- declininge3
- Value
- 40%, 31%, and 60%e3
- Comparator
- all other irrigation treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%)”
e3“photosynthetic pigments revealed a significant reduction, with chlorophyll content declining by 40%, 31%, and 60% than all other irrigation treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde (MDA) was elevated by 64% in lettuce under the stress condition.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- MDAe4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Value
- 64%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e4“Oxidative stress markers including MDA, EL, and H 2 O 2 were elevated, indicating cellular damage by 64%, 62%, and 73%”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage (EL) was elevated by 62% in lettuce under the stress condition.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- ELe4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Value
- 62%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e4“Oxidative stress markers including MDA, EL, and H 2 O 2 were elevated, indicating cellular damage by 64%, 62%, and 73%”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) was elevated by 73% in lettuce under the stress condition.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Value
- 73%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e4“Oxidative stress markers including MDA, EL, and H 2 O 2 were elevated, indicating cellular damage by 64%, 62%, and 73%”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were elevated by 50% in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalasee5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Value
- 50%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e5“Enzymatic antioxidant assays (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and secondary metabolites (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and anthocyanin) elevated by 50% and 40%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolics were elevated by 40% in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolicse5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Value
- 40%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e5“Enzymatic antioxidant assays (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and secondary metabolites (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and anthocyanin) elevated by 50% and 40%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin was elevated by 40% in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- anthocyanine5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Value
- 40%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e5“Enzymatic antioxidant assays (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and secondary metabolites (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and anthocyanin) elevated by 50% and 40%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Strict wastewater treatment procedures should be put in place to protect food security and yield.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- strict wastewater treatment procedurese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e6“strict wastewater treatment procedures must be put in place to reduce environmental contamination”
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