Abstract
Antibiotics and microplastics have gained significant global attention due to their adverse impacts on ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) can enter the soil through various pathways, altering the soil and plants physicochemical properties. This study demonstrates that ZnO nanoparticles (200 mg L −1 ) effectively alleviate sulfadiazine (SDZ 10, 25 mg Kg −1 ) and polypropylene (PP 150, 200 mg Kg −1 ) toxicity by enhancing nutrient uptake and promoting spinach growth. ZnO NPs reduced the malondialdehyde levels by 21 % and 22 %, hydrogen peroxide 27 % and 23 %, and electrolyte leakage 28 % and 18 % while increasing superoxide dismutase 25 % and 15 %, peroxidase 22 % and 19 %, catalase 17 % and 18 %, and ascorbate peroxidase 12 % and 17 % in roots and shoots respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, ZnO NPs increased Zn 20 % and 32 %, Fe 43 % and 42 %, Mg 28 % and 22 %, Mn 33 % and 32 %, and K 41 % and 25 % in roots and shoots respectively under combined SDZ+PP stress. Additionally, a low dose of SDZ stress impacts soil microbial diversity, community composition, and metabolic function more severely than a high dose. Furthermore, the combined SDZ and PP stress with ZnO application significantly positively affected soil microbial diversity, community composition, and metabolic functions. • SDZ and PP co-toxicity significantly declined the growth by producing ROS species. • ZnO NPs regulated the defense system by increasing nutrient uptake and boosting growth. • Lower SDZ significantly altered alpha diversity compared to higher SDZ. • SDZ and PS prominently altered the alpha and beta diversity compared to their combination. • ZnO NPs significantly boosted microbial growth under alone and combined SDZ and PS stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles alleviated sulfadiazine and polypropylene toxicity and promoted spinach growth.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- ZnO nanoparticles (200 mg L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- spinach growthe0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Qualifier
- sulfadiazine (SDZ 10, 25 mg Kg −1 ) and polypropylene (PP 150, 200 mg Kg −1 ) toxicitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO nanoparticles (200 mg L −1 ) effectively alleviate sulfadiazine (SDZ 10, 25 mg Kg −1 ) and polypropylene (PP 150, 200 mg Kg −1 ) toxicity by enhancing nutrient uptake and promoting spinach growth”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced malondialdehyde in roots and shoots by 21% and 22%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NPs reduced the malondialdehyde levels by 21 % and 22 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced hydrogen peroxide by 27% and 23% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“hydrogen peroxide 27 % and 23 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced electrolyte leakage by 28% and 18% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“electrolyte leakage 28 % and 18 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased superoxide dismutase by 25% and 15% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“increasing superoxide dismutase 25 % and 15 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased peroxidase by 22% and 19% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase 22 % and 19 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased catalase by 17% and 18% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“catalase 17 % and 18 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased ascorbate peroxidase by 12% and 17% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase 12 % and 17 % in roots and shoots respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased Zn by 20% and 32% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NPs increased Zn 20 % and 32 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased Fe by 43% and 42% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Fe 43 % and 42 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased Mg by 28% and 22% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Mg 28 % and 22 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased Mn by 33% and 32% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Mn 33 % and 32 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased K by 41% and 25% in roots and shoots.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“K 41 % and 25 % in roots and shoots respectively”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.