Abstract
Changes in the timing and intensity of spring rainfall have led to a significant increase in late-season weed emergence in Türkiye. These newly emerged weeds tend to grow more vigorously due to the absence of competition with crops and other weeds during their development. Two field experiments were conducted in continuous monoculture winter wheat over three growing seasons (2020–2023) in Türkiye. The first goal was to determine the impact of post-harvest herbicide (PHH) on the critical time for weed removal (CTWR) in winter wheat, and the second goal was to evaluate the effects of PHH combined with various weed control treatments on weed populations, the soil seed bank, and crop yield. The experiment followed a split-plot design, with the PHH regimes and weed removal timing or weed control treatments serving as the main and sub-plots, respectively. The herbicide regime included post-harvest glyphosate potassium salt (PHG) applied at 2.646 kg ai ha −1 and No PHG. Weed removal timings were set at 10-day intervals, from 0 to 110 days after wheat emergence (DAE). Weedy and weed-free controls were included for comparison. The weed control treatments involved post-emergence tribenuron-methyl at 7.5 g ai ha −1 and hand weeding. The application of the PHG delayed the CTWR from 416 growing degree days (GDD) to 516.5 GDD in 2022 and from 465.6 GDD to 661.2 GDD in 2023, effectively preventing yield loss. The combined use of PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl or hand weeding maximized wheat yield while minimizing the weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
PHG delayed the critical time for weed removal from 416 growing degree days (GDD) to 516.5 GDD in 2022.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- PHGe0
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- CTWRe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 516.5 GDDe0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
- Comparator
- from 416 growing degree days (GDD)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the PHG delayed the CTWR from 416 growing degree days (GDD) to 516.5 GDD in 2022 and from 465.6 GDD to 661.2 GDD in 2023, effectively preventing yield loss”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG delayed the critical time for weed removal from 465.6 GDD to 661.2 GDD in 2023.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PHGe0
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- CTWRe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 661.2 GDDe0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
- Comparator
- from 465.6 GDDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the PHG delayed the CTWR from 416 growing degree days (GDD) to 516.5 GDD in 2022 and from 465.6 GDD to 661.2 GDD in 2023, effectively preventing yield loss”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG application prevented wheat yield loss.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PHGe0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- preventinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the PHG delayed the CTWR from 416 growing degree days (GDD) to 516.5 GDD in 2022 and from 465.6 GDD to 661.2 GDD in 2023, effectively preventing yield loss”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG combined with PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl maximized wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl or hand weeding maximized wheat yield while minimizing the weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG combined with PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl minimizing weed flora.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyle0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed florae0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl or hand weeding maximized wheat yield while minimizing the weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG combined with PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl minimizing size of the soil seed bank.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyle0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- size of the soil seed banke0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl or hand weeding maximized wheat yield while minimizing the weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG combined with hand weeding maximized wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hand weedinge0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl or hand weeding maximized wheat yield while minimizing the weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG combined with hand weeding minimizing weed flora.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hand weedinge0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed florae0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl or hand weeding maximized wheat yield while minimizing the weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PHG combined with hand weeding minimizing size of the soil seed bank.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hand weedinge0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- size of the soil seed banke0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of PHG with post-emergence tribenuron-methyl or hand weeding maximized wheat yield while minimizing the weed flora and the size of the soil seed bank”
t0“winter wheat”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.