Abstract
To study the effects of late sowing and density on the lodging resistance and yield of rapeseed, and to provide the theoretical and technical support for the mechanized production of rapeseed, using three canola varieties (Shaanyou 28, Qinyou 28, and Qinyou 7) as the experimental materials, three sowing dates (T1: September 24, T2: October 1, and T3: October 8), and three densities (D1: 225,000 plants hm-2, D2: 450,000 plants hm-2, and D3: 675,000 plants hm-2) were set up to analyze the yield and constituent factors, the indexes related to lodging, the main components of the stem and the microstructure of the stem. The results showed that: (1) Under T1 and T2 treatments, with the increase of plant density, the yield of each plant of the three varieties decreased, the group yield increased first and then decreased, the lodging index decreased first and then increased, the vascular bundle and stem cross-sectional area decreased, the vascular bundle area/stem cross-sectional area, stem lignin, and cellulose content increased first and then decreased, the group yield was the largest at D2, while the lodging index was the smallest, and the yield and lodging resistance increased synergistically. Under the late sowing condition (T3), with the increase of density, the yield, lodging index, stem lignin, and cellulose content, above-ground fresh weight, vascular bundle area, stem cross-sectional area, and their ratios of the three cultivars decreased significantly, the group yield and lodging resistance increased, the lignin content was significantly positively correlated with the lodging resistance of stems, and the population yield and material resistance reached the maximum at D3. Compared with the normal sowing period (T1), the effective pods per plant, seeds per pod, yield per plant, population yield, and above-ground fresh weight the lodging index of each plant decreased significantly under the late sowing condition (T3), but the lodging resistance was enhanced. (2) Under the normal sowing period (T1), when the yield of the three variety groups was the highest, planting density was 450,000 plants hm-2. When the sowing date was delayed from T1 to T3, the yield of the three varieties was the highest at the density of 675,000 plants hm-2, among which Shaanyou 28 had the best density tolerance and late sowing resistance. In conclusion, under the late sowing condition, selecting dense and late sowing tolerant varieties and moderately increasing the density can compensate for the lack of yield, significantly increase the lignin and cellulose content of the stem, enhance the lodging resistance of rapeseed, effectively coordinate the contradiction between high yield and lodging, and achieve high yield and lodging resistance of late sowing rapeseed by compensating late with dense.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Under T1 and T2, greater density decreased yield per plant in all three rapeseed varieties.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- increase of plant densitye0
- Outcome
- yield of each plante0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- Under T1 and T2 treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under T1 and T2 treatments, with the increase of plant density, the yield of each plant of the three varieties decreased”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Under T1 and T2, group yield first rose and then fell as density increased.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- increase of plant densitye0
- Outcome
- group yielde0
- Direction
- increased first and then decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“with the increase of plant density, the yield of each plant of the three varieties decreased, the group yield increased first and then decreased”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Under T1 and T2, lodging index first declined and then rose as density increased.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- increase of plant densitye1
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- decreased first and then increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the lodging index decreased first and then increased”
e1“Under T1 and T2 treatments, with the increase of plant density”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Under T1 and T2, vascular bundle and stem cross-sectional area declined as density increased.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- increase of plant densitye1
- Outcome
- vascular bundle and stem cross-sectional areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the vascular bundle and stem cross-sectional area decreased”
e1“Under T1 and T2 treatments, with the increase of plant density”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Under T1 and T2, vascular bundle area to stem area ratio, lignin and cellulose first rose and then fell with density.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- increase of plant densitye1
- Outcome
- vascular bundle area/stem cross-sectional area, stem lignin, and cellulose contente0
- Direction
- increased first and then decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the vascular bundle area/stem cross-sectional area, stem lignin, and cellulose content increased first and then decreased”
e1“Under T1 and T2 treatments, with the increase of plant density”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
At T1 and T2, D2 had maximum group yield and minimum lodging index.
Verbatim
e0“the group yield was the largest at D2, while the lodging index was the smallest”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Under T3, higher density significantly decreased yield, lodging index, stem lignin and cellulose content, fresh weight, vascular bundle area, stem area and their ratio.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- increase of densitye0
- Outcome
- yield, lodging index, stem lignin, and cellulose content, above-ground fresh weight, vascular bundle area, stem cross-sectional area, and their ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- late sowing condition (T3)e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under the late sowing condition (T3), with the increase of density, the yield, lodging index, stem lignin, and cellulose content, above-ground fresh weight, vascular bundle area, stem cross-sectional area, and their ratios of the three cultivars decreased significantly”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Under T3, increasing density raised group yield and lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- increase of densitye1
- Outcome
- group yield and lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the group yield and lodging resistance increased”
e1“Under the late sowing condition (T3), with the increase of density”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem lignin content was significantly positively correlated with lodging resistance.
Verbatim
e0“the lignin content was significantly positively correlated with the lodging resistance of stems”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Under T3, population yield and material resistance reached maximum at D3.
Verbatim
e0“the population yield and material resistance reached the maximum at D3”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing T3 significantly reduced effective pods per plant, seeds per pod, yield per plant, population yield, fresh weight and lodging index compared with T1.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the normal sowing period (T1), the effective pods per plant, seeds per pod, yield per plant, population yield, and above-ground fresh weight the lodging index of each plant decreased significantly under the late sowing condition (T3)”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing enhanced lodging resistance relative to T1.
Verbatim
e0“but the lodging resistance was enhanced”
e1“Compared with the normal sowing period (T1)”
e2“under the late sowing condition (T3)”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
At T1, group yield was highest at 450,000 plants hm-2.
Verbatim
e0“Under the normal sowing period (T1), when the yield of the three variety groups was the highest, planting density was 450,000 plants hm-2”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
With sowing delayed to T3, yield was highest at 675,000 plants hm-2.
Verbatim
e0“When the sowing date was delayed from T1 to T3, the yield of the three varieties was the highest at the density of 675,000 plants hm-2”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaanyou 28 had the best density tolerance and late sowing resistance.
Verbatim
e0“Shaanyou 28 had the best density tolerance and late sowing resistance”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend density increases and tolerant varieties under late sowing to support yield and lodging resistance.
Verbatim
e0“under the late sowing condition, selecting dense and late sowing tolerant varieties and moderately increasing the density can compensate for the lack of yield, significantly increase the lignin and cellulose content of the stem, enhance the lodging resistance of rapeseed”
t0“rapeseed”
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