Abstract
Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) negatively affects crop productivity and human health. Melatonin, a multifunctional plant/animal origin molecule maintains plant growth under abiotic stressors. However, the mitigating role of melatonin especially where the roots are main site for pre-treatment in Cd stress tolerance and its related process has not been explored yet. This study explored physiochemical and molecular mechanisms of melatonin induced Cd stress tolerance and detoxification in cotton seedlings. Cotton seedlings, with or without melatonin (15 µM) pre-treatment, were subjected to Cd (100 µM) stress in a hydroponic medium. Results showed that cotton seedlings under Cd stress significanlty inhibited phyto-hormonal, nutrient uptake and leaf photosynthetic capacity which was strongly associated with the Cd induced injury of root morphological traits. Melatonin pre-treated plants under Cd stress enhanced root length, root volume, root density, root diameter, root surface area, root tips and root forks number comapred with Cd stress. Better root growth of melatonin pre-treated seedlings under Cd stress further enhanced uptake of nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by 45 %, 21 %, and 26 %, respectively, over Cd treatment alone. Melatonin pre-treated plants had 36 %, 27 % and 20 % higher salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents, respectively with a reduced level of abscisic acid under Cd stress. Melatonin pre-treated plants increased antioxidant enzyme activities, ascorbate, and glutathione contents which further enhanced leaf maximum quantum yield of PSII, quantum yield, electron transport rate and photochemical quenching under Cd stress. DEGs involved in chloroplasts and mitochondria regulated carbohydrate and energy metabolism ( ripA and IDH1) , cellular components and biological processes of melatonin treated plants under Cd stress.Melatonin pre-treated seedlings upregulated transcription factors ( AP2-EREBP,NAC,bHLH, WRKY, and Trihelix) under Cd stress. Melatonin enhanced Cd stress tolerance by reducing Cd transport from root to leaves with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the melatonin-mediated Cd stress response and ensures crop production in Cd-contaminated soils. • Cd ions repressed plant growth by oxidative injury to cellular organelles. • Melatonin up-regulated TFs involved in Cd stress tolerance. • DEGs in chloroplast and mitochondria mediated carbohydrate and energy metabolism. • Melatonin modulated phytohormones and nutrient levels in leaf and roots in Cd stress. • Melatonin enhanced Cd tolerance by immobilizing Cd ions and scavenged ROS production.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress significantly inhibited phytohormonal status, nutrient uptake and leaf photosynthetic capacity in cotton seedlings.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlings
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- phyto-hormonal, nutrient uptake and leaf photosynthetic capacitye1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“cotton seedlings under Cd stress significanlty inhibited phyto-hormonal, nutrient uptake and leaf photosynthetic capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treatment enhanced root length, root volume and root density of cotton seedlings under Cd stress compared with Cd stress alone.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- root length, root volume, root densitye1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- Cd stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants under Cd stress enhanced root length, root volume, root density, root diameter, root surface area, root tips and root forks number comapred with Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treatment enhanced root diameter and root surface area of cotton seedlings under Cd stress compared with Cd stress alone.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- root diameter, root surface areae1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- Cd stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants under Cd stress enhanced root length, root volume, root density, root diameter, root surface area, root tips and root forks number comapred with Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treatment enhanced root tips and root forks number of cotton seedlings under Cd stress compared with Cd stress alone.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- root tips and root forks numbere1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- Cd stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants under Cd stress enhanced root length, root volume, root density, root diameter, root surface area, root tips and root forks number comapred with Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton seedlings under Cd stress took up 45 % more nitrogen than under Cd treatment alone.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin pre-treated seedlingse1
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogen (N)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 45 %e1
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“melatonin pre-treated seedlings under Cd stress further enhanced uptake of nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by 45 %, 21 %, and 26 %, respectively, over Cd treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton seedlings under Cd stress took up 21 % more phosphorus than under Cd treatment alone.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin pre-treated seedlingse1
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 21 %e1
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“melatonin pre-treated seedlings under Cd stress further enhanced uptake of nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by 45 %, 21 %, and 26 %, respectively, over Cd treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton seedlings under Cd stress took up 26 % more potassium than under Cd treatment alone.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin pre-treated seedlingse1
- Outcome
- potassium (K)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 26 %e1
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“melatonin pre-treated seedlings under Cd stress further enhanced uptake of nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by 45 %, 21 %, and 26 %, respectively, over Cd treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton plants under Cd stress had 36 % higher salicylic acid content.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- salicylic acide1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 36 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants had 36 %, 27 % and 20 % higher salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents, respectively with a reduced level of abscisic acid under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton plants under Cd stress had 27 % higher indole-3-acetic acid content.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acide1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 27 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants had 36 %, 27 % and 20 % higher salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents, respectively with a reduced level of abscisic acid under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton plants under Cd stress had 20 % higher gibberellic acid content.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- gibberellic acide1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 20 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants had 36 %, 27 % and 20 % higher salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents, respectively with a reduced level of abscisic acid under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton plants under Cd stress had a reduced abscisic acid level.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- abscisic acide1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants had 36 %, 27 % and 20 % higher salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents, respectively with a reduced level of abscisic acid under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton plants under Cd stress increased antioxidant enzyme activities and ascorbate and glutathione contents.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities, ascorbate, and glutathione contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants increased antioxidant enzyme activities, ascorbate, and glutathione contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treatment enhanced leaf maximum quantum yield of PSII and quantum yield of cotton under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- leaf maximum quantum yield of PSII, quantum yielde2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants increased antioxidant enzyme activities, ascorbate, and glutathione contents”
e2“enhanced leaf maximum quantum yield of PSII, quantum yield, electron transport rate and photochemical quenching under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treatment enhanced electron transport rate and photochemical quenching of cotton leaves under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Outcome
- electron transport rate and photochemical quenchinge2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated plants increased antioxidant enzyme activities, ascorbate, and glutathione contents”
e2“enhanced leaf maximum quantum yield of PSII, quantum yield, electron transport rate and photochemical quenching under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
DEGs involved in chloroplasts and mitochondria, including ripA and IDH1, regulated carbohydrate and energy metabolism in melatonin-treated cotton under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Gene
- ripA and IDH1e1
- Outcome
- carbohydrate and energy metabolisme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“DEGs involved in chloroplasts and mitochondria regulated carbohydrate and energy metabolism ( ripA and IDH1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin pre-treated cotton seedlings upregulated the transcription factors AP2-EREBP, NAC, bHLH, WRKY and Trihelix under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin pre-treatede1
- Gene
- AP2-EREBP,NAC,bHLH, WRKY, and Trihelixe1
- Outcome
- transcription factorse1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin pre-treated seedlings upregulated transcription factors ( AP2-EREBP,NAC,bHLH, WRKY, and Trihelix) under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin enhanced Cd stress tolerance of cotton by reducing Cd transport from root to leaves, with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonine1
- Outcome
- Cd stress tolerancee1
- Qualifier
- reducing Cd transport from root to leavese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin enhanced Cd stress tolerance by reducing Cd transport from root to leaves with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd ions repressed plant growth of cotton seedlings through oxidative injury to cellular organelles.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Cd ionse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Qualifier
- oxidative injury to cellular organellese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Cd ions repressed plant growth by oxidative injury to cellular organelles”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin enhanced Cd tolerance of cotton by immobilizing Cd ions and scavenging ROS production.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonine1
- Outcome
- Cd tolerancee1
- Qualifier
- immobilizing Cd ions and scavenged ROS productione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pre-treatment of roots with melatonin triggers a key tolerance mechanism underlying cadmium stress in cotton seedlings”
e1“Melatonin enhanced Cd tolerance by immobilizing Cd ions and scavenged ROS production”
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