Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most challenging environmental factors affecting rice productivity, particularly in regions with high saline soils such as Egypt. The ability of rice to maintain high yield and quality under saline stress is often limited, leading to significant reductions in productivity. With the increasing salinization of agricultural lands, finding effective agronomic practices and treatments to mitigate salt-induced damage in rice crops is critical for ensuring food security. This study investigates the potential of exogenous glycine betaine (GB) and proline (Pro) applications to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022). Treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro significantly enhanced dry weight (162.2 and 169.7 g in 2021 and 2022, respectively), plant height (88.94 and 99.00 cm), tiller number (10.58 and 10.33), and grain yield (4.22 and 4.30 t/ha) compared to control groups. Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro exhibited the greatest improvements across both years, with maximum dry weight (193.44 and 186.56 g), plant height (112.00 and 112.33 cm), tiller number (15.33 and 16.28), spikelet number per meter (264.00 and 264.05), thousand-kernel weight (70.00 and 73.2 g), and grain yield (6.17 and 6.64 t/ha). Additionally, the combined treatments resulted in the highest harvest index (53.22% in 2021 and 48.94% in 2022), amylose content (24.24% and 20.09%), and protein content (12.33% and 12.00%). Correlation analysis highlighted strong positive relationships among traits, such as plant height with grain yield (r = 0.94), biomass yield (r = 0.92), and harvest index (r = 0.90). Path analysis further demonstrated that thousand-kernel weight and biomass yield had the most significant direct effects on grain yield, with values of 0.43 and 0.42, respectively. Heatmap clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the synergistic effects of combined GB and Pro treatments, with the 30P_30GB treatment consistently clustering with high-yield traits, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and stress resilience. In conclusion, the combined application of glycine betaine and proline significantly enhances the agronomic and chemical traits of rice under salt stress. This study demonstrates that these osmoprotectants improve vegetative growth, grain yield, and quality, with synergistic effects observed at optimal concentrations. The findings highlight the potential of glycine betaine and proline as effective tools for improving salt tolerance in rice, offering practical solutions to address challenges in saline-affected agricultural regions.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine and proline together significantly enhanced dry weight in 2021 and 2022 compared with control
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe2
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- significantly enhancede2
- Value
- 162.2 and 169.7 ge2
- Qualifier
- in 2021 and 2022e2
- Comparator
- control groupse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e2“Treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro significantly enhanced dry weight (162.2 and 169.7 g in 2021 and 2022, respectively), plant height (88.94 and 99.00 cm), tiller number (10.58 and 10.33), and grain yield (4.22 and 4.30 t/ha) compared to control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine and proline together significantly enhanced plant height compared with control
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe2
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- significantly enhancede2
- Value
- 88.94 and 99.00 cme2
- Comparator
- control groupse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e2“Treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro significantly enhanced dry weight (162.2 and 169.7 g in 2021 and 2022, respectively), plant height (88.94 and 99.00 cm), tiller number (10.58 and 10.33), and grain yield (4.22 and 4.30 t/ha) compared to control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine and proline together significantly enhanced tiller number compared with control
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe2
- Outcome
- tiller numbere2
- Direction
- significantly enhancede2
- Value
- 10.58 and 10.33e2
- Comparator
- control groupse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e2“Treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro significantly enhanced dry weight (162.2 and 169.7 g in 2021 and 2022, respectively), plant height (88.94 and 99.00 cm), tiller number (10.58 and 10.33), and grain yield (4.22 and 4.30 t/ha) compared to control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine and proline together significantly enhanced grain yield compared with control
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- significantly enhancede2
- Value
- 4.22 and 4.30 t/hae2
- Comparator
- control groupse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e2“Treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro significantly enhanced dry weight (162.2 and 169.7 g in 2021 and 2022, respectively), plant height (88.94 and 99.00 cm), tiller number (10.58 and 10.33), and grain yield (4.22 and 4.30 t/ha) compared to control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined glycine betaine and proline gave the maximum dry weight
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe3
- Outcome
- dry weighte3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 193.44 and 186.56 ge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e3“Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro exhibited the greatest improvements across both years, with maximum dry weight (193.44 and 186.56 g), plant height (112.00 and 112.33 cm), tiller number (15.33 and 16.28), spikelet number per meter (264.00 and 264.05), thousand-kernel weight (70.00 and 73.2 g), and grain yield (6.17 and 6.64 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined glycine betaine and proline gave the greatest plant height improvement
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe3
- Outcome
- plant heighte3
- Direction
- greatest improvementse3
- Value
- 112.00 and 112.33 cme3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e3“Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro exhibited the greatest improvements across both years, with maximum dry weight (193.44 and 186.56 g), plant height (112.00 and 112.33 cm), tiller number (15.33 and 16.28), spikelet number per meter (264.00 and 264.05), thousand-kernel weight (70.00 and 73.2 g), and grain yield (6.17 and 6.64 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined glycine betaine and proline gave the greatest tiller number improvement
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe3
- Outcome
- tiller numbere3
- Direction
- greatest improvementse3
- Value
- 15.33 and 16.28e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e3“Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro exhibited the greatest improvements across both years, with maximum dry weight (193.44 and 186.56 g), plant height (112.00 and 112.33 cm), tiller number (15.33 and 16.28), spikelet number per meter (264.00 and 264.05), thousand-kernel weight (70.00 and 73.2 g), and grain yield (6.17 and 6.64 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined glycine betaine and proline gave the greatest spikelet number per meter
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe3
- Outcome
- spikelet number per metere3
- Direction
- greatest improvementse3
- Value
- 264.00 and 264.05e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e3“Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro exhibited the greatest improvements across both years, with maximum dry weight (193.44 and 186.56 g), plant height (112.00 and 112.33 cm), tiller number (15.33 and 16.28), spikelet number per meter (264.00 and 264.05), thousand-kernel weight (70.00 and 73.2 g), and grain yield (6.17 and 6.64 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined glycine betaine and proline gave the greatest thousand-kernel weight improvement
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe3
- Outcome
- thousand-kernel weighte3
- Direction
- greatest improvementse3
- Value
- 70.00 and 73.2 ge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e3“Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro exhibited the greatest improvements across both years, with maximum dry weight (193.44 and 186.56 g), plant height (112.00 and 112.33 cm), tiller number (15.33 and 16.28), spikelet number per meter (264.00 and 264.05), thousand-kernel weight (70.00 and 73.2 g), and grain yield (6.17 and 6.64 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined glycine betaine and proline gave the greatest grain yield improvement
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Proe3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- greatest improvementse3
- Value
- 6.17 and 6.64 t/hae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e3“Combined treatments of 30 mM GB and 30 mM Pro exhibited the greatest improvements across both years, with maximum dry weight (193.44 and 186.56 g), plant height (112.00 and 112.33 cm), tiller number (15.33 and 16.28), spikelet number per meter (264.00 and 264.05), thousand-kernel weight (70.00 and 73.2 g), and grain yield (6.17 and 6.64 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments gave the highest harvest index
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- combined treatmentse4
- Outcome
- harvest indexe4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 53.22% in 2021 and 48.94% in 2022e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e4“Additionally, the combined treatments resulted in the highest harvest index (53.22% in 2021 and 48.94% in 2022), amylose content (24.24% and 20.09%), and protein content (12.33% and 12.00%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments gave the highest amylose content
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- combined treatmentse4
- Outcome
- amylose contente4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 24.24% and 20.09%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e4“Additionally, the combined treatments resulted in the highest harvest index (53.22% in 2021 and 48.94% in 2022), amylose content (24.24% and 20.09%), and protein content (12.33% and 12.00%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments gave the highest protein content
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- combined treatmentse4
- Outcome
- protein contente4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 12.33% and 12.00%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e4“Additionally, the combined treatments resulted in the highest harvest index (53.22% in 2021 and 48.94% in 2022), amylose content (24.24% and 20.09%), and protein content (12.33% and 12.00%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height was strongly positively correlated with grain yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- positivee5
- Value
- r = 0.94e5
- Qualifier
- plant heighte5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e5“Correlation analysis highlighted strong positive relationships among traits, such as plant height with grain yield (r = 0.94), biomass yield (r = 0.92), and harvest index (r = 0.90)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height was strongly positively correlated with biomass yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Outcome
- biomass yielde5
- Direction
- positivee5
- Value
- r = 0.92e5
- Qualifier
- plant heighte5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e5“Correlation analysis highlighted strong positive relationships among traits, such as plant height with grain yield (r = 0.94), biomass yield (r = 0.92), and harvest index (r = 0.90)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height was strongly positively correlated with harvest index
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Outcome
- harvest indexe5
- Direction
- positivee5
- Value
- r = 0.90e5
- Qualifier
- plant heighte5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e5“Correlation analysis highlighted strong positive relationships among traits, such as plant height with grain yield (r = 0.94), biomass yield (r = 0.92), and harvest index (r = 0.90)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thousand-kernel weight had the most significant direct effect on grain yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Outcome
- direct effects on grain yielde6
- Direction
- most significante6
- Value
- 0.43e6
- Qualifier
- thousand-kernel weighte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e6“Path analysis further demonstrated that thousand-kernel weight and biomass yield had the most significant direct effects on grain yield, with values of 0.43 and 0.42, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass yield had a most significant direct effect on grain yield
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Outcome
- direct effects on grain yielde6
- Direction
- most significante6
- Value
- 0.42e6
- Qualifier
- biomass yielde6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e6“Path analysis further demonstrated that thousand-kernel weight and biomass yield had the most significant direct effects on grain yield, with values of 0.43 and 0.42, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined glycine betaine and proline treatments clustered with high-yield traits in heatmap and PCA
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Sakha 108e1
- Treatment
- combined GB and Pro treatmentse7
- Outcome
- clustering with high-yield traitse7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt stress on rice (cv. Sakha 108) over two consecutive growing seasons (2021-2022)”
e7“Heatmap clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the synergistic effects of combined GB and Pro treatments, with the 30P_30GB treatment consistently clustering with high-yield traits, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and stress resilience”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.