Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a common contaminant that causes serious health and environmental problems. Thus, appropriate environmentally friendly and efficient techniques must be developed to remediate Pb in soils. Biochar (BC) has shown promise as an effective strategy to mitigate Pb toxicity. Trehalose (Tre) is a promising sugar that has been shown to effectively improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Nonetheless, its role in alleviating Pb toxicity is unknown. The study investigated the impacts of BC and Tre co-application in alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops. The study included the following treatments: control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM). Results showed that Pb toxicity reduced rice yield by decreasing chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC), by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, Pb accumulation in roots and shoots, soil available Pb concentration, and by decreasing the availability of soil nutrients. BC and Tre application mitigated the adverse impacts of Pb; however, more promising results were obtained with the co-application of BC and Tre. The results indicated that co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%), by decreasing root (59.72%), shoot (76.47%), and soil (57.14%) Pb concentrations, and the Pb translocation factor (15.08%). These findings suggested that co-application of BC and Tre can be a practical approach for reducing Pb toxicity, availability, and uptake, which improves rice productivity in Pb-polluted soil.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity reduced rice yield.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Pb toxicitye1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e1“Results showed that Pb toxicity reduced rice yield by decreasing chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC), by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, Pb accumulation in roots and shoots, soil available Pb concentration, and by decreasing the availability of soil nutrients”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity decreased chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC)e1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e1“Results showed that Pb toxicity reduced rice yield by decreasing chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC), by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, Pb accumulation in roots and shoots, soil available Pb concentration, and by decreasing the availability of soil nutrients”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contentse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e1“Results showed that Pb toxicity reduced rice yield by decreasing chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC), by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, Pb accumulation in roots and shoots, soil available Pb concentration, and by decreasing the availability of soil nutrients”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity increased Pb accumulation in rice roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye1
- Outcome
- Pb accumulation in roots and shootse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e1“Results showed that Pb toxicity reduced rice yield by decreasing chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC), by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, Pb accumulation in roots and shoots, soil available Pb concentration, and by decreasing the availability of soil nutrients”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity increased soil available Pb concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye1
- Outcome
- soil available Pb concentratione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e1“Results showed that Pb toxicity reduced rice yield by decreasing chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC), by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, Pb accumulation in roots and shoots, soil available Pb concentration, and by decreasing the availability of soil nutrients”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity decreased the availability of soil nutrients.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye1
- Outcome
- availability of soil nutrientse1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e1“Results showed that Pb toxicity reduced rice yield by decreasing chlorophyll synthesis and relative water content (RWC), by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, Pb accumulation in roots and shoots, soil available Pb concentration, and by decreasing the availability of soil nutrients”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and trehalose application mitigated the adverse impacts of Pb in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- BC and Tre applicatione3
- Outcome
- adverse impacts of Pbe3
- Direction
- mitigatede3
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e3“BC and Tre application mitigated the adverse impacts of Pb; however, more promising results were obtained with the co-application of BC and Tre”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-application of biochar and trehalose gave more promising results than the individual applications against Pb toxicity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree3
- Outcome
- resultse3
- Direction
- more promisinge3
- Comparator
- BC and Tre applicatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e3“BC and Tre application mitigated the adverse impacts of Pb; however, more promising results were obtained with the co-application of BC and Tre”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre increased rice yield under Pb stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- rice yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre increased photosynthetic pigments by 46–96.42% in rice under Pb stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 46–96.42%e4
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre increased leaf water contents by 16.67% in rice under Pb stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- leaf water contentse4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 16.67%e4
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre increased proline by 35.13% in rice under Pb stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- prolinee4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 35.13%e4
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre increased soluble protein synthesis by 24.96% in rice under Pb stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- soluble protein synthesise4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 24.96%e4
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre increased antioxidant activities by 12.07–31.67% in rice under Pb stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 12.07–31.67%e4
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre decreased Pb concentrations in rice roots by 59.72%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roote5
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- Pb concentrationse5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 59.72%e5
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
e5“by decreasing root (59.72%), shoot (76.47%), and soil (57.14%) Pb concentrations, and the Pb translocation factor (15.08%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre decreased Pb concentrations in rice shoots by 76.47%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- shoote5
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- Pb concentrationse5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 76.47%e5
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
e5“by decreasing root (59.72%), shoot (76.47%), and soil (57.14%) Pb concentrations, and the Pb translocation factor (15.08%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre decreased Pb concentrations in soil by 57.14%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- soile5
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- Pb concentrationse5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 57.14%e5
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
e5“by decreasing root (59.72%), shoot (76.47%), and soil (57.14%) Pb concentrations, and the Pb translocation factor (15.08%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of BC and Tre decreased the Pb translocation factor by 15.08% in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and Tree4
- Outcome
- Pb translocation factore5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 15.08%e5
- Comparator
- Pb stress (250 mg kg−1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e2“control, Pb stress (250 mg kg−1), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%), Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + Tre (30 mM), and Pb stress (250 mg kg−1) + BC (2.5%) + Tre (30 mM)”
e4“co-application of BC and Tre increased the rice yield by increasing photosynthetic pigments (46–96.42%), leaf water contents (16.67%), proline and soluble protein synthesis (35.13% and 24.96%), and antioxidant activities (12.07–31.67%)”
e5“by decreasing root (59.72%), shoot (76.47%), and soil (57.14%) Pb concentrations, and the Pb translocation factor (15.08%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that co-application of BC and Tre is a practical approach for reducing Pb toxicity, availability and uptake in rice grown in Pb-polluted soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Outcome
- reducing Pb toxicity, availability, and uptakee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviating Pb toxicity in rice crops”
e6“can be a practical approach for reducing Pb toxicity, availability, and uptake, which improves rice productivity in Pb-polluted soil”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.