Abstract
Global warming-induced abiotic stresses, such as waterlogging, significantly threaten crop yields. Increased rainfall intensity in recent years has exacerbated waterlogging severity, especially in lowlands and heavy soils. Its intensity is projected to increase by 14–35% in the future, posing a serious risk to crop production and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Soybean, a major global commercial crop cultivated across diverse climates, is highly sensitive to waterlogging, with yield losses of up to 83% due to impaired root morphology and growth. Therefore, understanding the stage-specific response of soybean to varying intensities of waterlogging under different climate regimes is crucial to mitigate the impact of climate change. This study evaluated two climate regimes (Summer: C S and Rainy: C R ), four growth stages (S 15 : 15 days after emergence, S 30 , S 45 , and S 60 ), and five waterlogging durations (D 2 : 2 days, D 4 , D 6 , D 8 , and D 10 ) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven replications in 2023. Results revealed that waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology (reducing root volume by 8.6% and dry weight by 5.3%) and growth (decreasing leaf area by ~ 6% and dry matter by 48.2%), with more severe effects observed during the summer compared to the rainy season. Among growth stages, soybean was most sensitive at S 45 , showing greater reductions in growth attributes and seed yield (~ 64.9%) across climate regimes. Prolonged waterlogging (2–10 days) had a pronounced negative impact on root and shoot parameters, resulting in yield reductions of 25.4–47.8% during summer and 47.0–68.2% during the rainy season, compared to the control. Yield stability was highest at D 2 (yield stability index: 0.53) with minimal yield reductions, while D 10 caused the greatest yield loss (~ 58%). Interestingly, the summer climate regime, characterized by bright sunshine hours and higher temperatures, supported better post-stress recovery, leading to higher grain yields. In conclusion, waterlogging during C R × S 45 × D 10 caused the most substantial yield reduction (~ 91%).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced soybean root volume by 8.6%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- root volumee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 8.6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology (reducing root volume by 8.6% and dry weight by 5.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced soybean root dry weight by 5.3%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 5.3%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology (reducing root volume by 8.6% and dry weight by 5.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging decreased soybean leaf area by about 6%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e2“decreasing leaf area by ~ 6% and dry matter by 48.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging decreased soybean dry matter by 48.2%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- dry mattere2
- Direction
- decreasinge2
- Value
- 48.2%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e2“decreasing leaf area by ~ 6% and dry matter by 48.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging effects on soybean were more severe in summer than in the rainy season.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- effectse3
- Direction
- more severee3
- Comparator
- rainy seasone3
- Setting
- summere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e3“with more severe effects observed during the summer compared to the rainy season”
Claim · model-written summary
At growth stage S 45, waterlogging caused the greatest reductions in soybean growth attributes and seed yield, about 64.9% for seed yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- S 45e4
- Outcome
- seed yielde4
- Direction
- greater reductionse4
- Value
- ~ 64.9%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e4“Among growth stages, soybean was most sensitive at S 45 , showing greater reductions in growth attributes and seed yield (~ 64.9%) across climate regimes”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged waterlogging (2-10 days) reduced soybean yield by 25.4-47.8% in summer compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Prolonged waterlogging (2–10 days)e5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 25.4–47.8%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
- Setting
- summere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e5“Prolonged waterlogging (2–10 days) had a pronounced negative impact on root and shoot parameters, resulting in yield reductions of 25.4–47.8% during summer and 47.0–68.2% during the rainy season, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged waterlogging (2-10 days) reduced soybean yield by 47.0-68.2% in the rainy season compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Prolonged waterlogging (2–10 days)e5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 47.0–68.2%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
- Setting
- rainy seasone5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e5“Prolonged waterlogging (2–10 days) had a pronounced negative impact on root and shoot parameters, resulting in yield reductions of 25.4–47.8% during summer and 47.0–68.2% during the rainy season, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield stability of soybean was highest at 2 days of waterlogging, with minimal yield reductions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- D 2e6
- Outcome
- Yield stabilitye6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 0.53e6
- Qualifier
- with minimal yield reductionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e6“Yield stability was highest at D 2 (yield stability index: 0.53) with minimal yield reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging for 10 days caused the greatest soybean yield loss, about 58%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e7“while D 10 caused the greatest yield loss (~ 58%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The summer climate regime supported better post-stress recovery of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- summer climate regimee0
- Outcome
- post-stress recoverye0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e0“the summer climate regime, characterized by bright sunshine hours and higher temperatures, supported better post-stress recovery, leading to higher grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The summer climate regime led to higher soybean grain yields after waterlogging.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- summer climate regimee0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e0“the summer climate regime, characterized by bright sunshine hours and higher temperatures, supported better post-stress recovery, leading to higher grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging during the rainy season at growth stage S 45 with 10 days caused the most substantial soybean yield reduction, about 91%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- waterlogging during C R × S 45 × D 10e0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- most substantiale0
- Value
- ~ 91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“waterlogging adversely affected soybean root morphology”
e0“waterlogging during C R × S 45 × D 10 caused the most substantial yield reduction (~ 91%)”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
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- no effect
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47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
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See all 58 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.