Abstract
In humid climates, waterlogging from excessive rainfalls can be a major limiting factor for soybean production, particularly during the reproductive stage. However, there is a limited understanding of how soybean growth and physiology respond to waterlogging during this critical stage. Here, we investigated the effects of waterlogging and subsequent reoxygenation on the growth, physiology, yields, and leaf hyperspectral reflectance traits of the soybean cultivar ‘Asgrow AG5332’. The crop was grown to stage R1 (initial flowering) in outdoor pot culture conditions, and then waterlogged for 16 days. The flooded pots were drained and continuously monitored for recovery for an additional 16 days. The results showed that soil oxygen levels declined rapidly to zero in about 5 days after waterlogging, and slowly recovered in about 5–16 days. However, it did not reach the same level as the control plants, which maintained an oxygen concentration of 18%. Increasing waterlogging duration negatively affected leaf chlorophyll index, water potential, and stomatal conductance, with a consequent decline in the photosynthetic rate. Further, decreased photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and mineral nutrients resulted in lower biomass and seed yield. Pod dry weight and leaf number were the most and least sensitive parameters, respectively, decreasing by 81% and 15% after 16 days of waterlogging. Waterlogged plants also had higher reflectance in the PAR, blue, green, and red regions, and lower reflectance in the near-infrared, tissue, and water band regions, indicating changes in chemistry and pigment content. The current study reveals that the soybean crop is susceptible to waterlogging during the reproductive stage, due to poor recovery of soil oxygen levels and physiological parameters. Understanding and integrating the growth, physiology, and hyperspectral reflectance data from this study could be used to develop improved cultivars to ensure the stability of soybean production in waterlogging-prone areas.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Soil oxygen levels declined to zero within about 5 days after waterlogging of soybean
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- Asgrow AG5332e1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge3
- Outcome
- soil oxygen levelse3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Value
- about 5 dayse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e1“Here, we investigated the effects of waterlogging and subsequent reoxygenation on the growth, physiology, yields, and leaf hyperspectral reflectance traits of the soybean cultivar ‘Asgrow AG5332’”
e3“soil oxygen levels declined rapidly to zero in about 5 days after waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil oxygen levels recovered slowly after waterlogging and did not reach the level of control soybean plants
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Asgrow AG5332e1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge3
- Outcome
- soil oxygen levelse3
- Direction
- slowly recoverede4
- Qualifier
- maintained an oxygen concentration of 18%e5
- Comparator
- control plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e1“Here, we investigated the effects of waterlogging and subsequent reoxygenation on the growth, physiology, yields, and leaf hyperspectral reflectance traits of the soybean cultivar ‘Asgrow AG5332’”
e3“soil oxygen levels declined rapidly to zero in about 5 days after waterlogging”
e4“slowly recovered in about 5–16 days”
e5“did not reach the same level as the control plants, which maintained an oxygen concentration of 18%”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing waterlogging duration negatively affected leaf chlorophyll index, water potential and stomatal conductance of soybean
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- waterlogging duratione6
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll index, water potential, and stomatal conductancee6
- Direction
- negatively affectede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e6“Increasing waterlogging duration negatively affected leaf chlorophyll index, water potential, and stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing waterlogging duration caused a decline in the photosynthetic rate of soybean
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- waterlogging duratione6
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee7
- Direction
- declinee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e6“Increasing waterlogging duration negatively affected leaf chlorophyll index, water potential, and stomatal conductance”
e7“with a consequent decline in the photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean biomass and seed yield were lower alongside decreased photosynthetic rate, leaf area and mineral nutrients
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- biomass and seed yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- decreased photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and mineral nutrientse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“decreased photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and mineral nutrients resulted in lower biomass and seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod dry weight of soybean decreased by 81% after 16 days of waterlogging
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 16 days of waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- Pod dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“Pod dry weight and leaf number were the most and least sensitive parameters, respectively, decreasing by 81% and 15% after 16 days of waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf number of soybean decreased by 15% after 16 days of waterlogging
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 16 days of waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- leaf numbere0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“Pod dry weight and leaf number were the most and least sensitive parameters, respectively, decreasing by 81% and 15% after 16 days of waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogged soybean plants had higher reflectance in the PAR, blue and green regions
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogged plantse0
- Outcome
- reflectance in the PAR, blue, greene0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“Waterlogged plants also had higher reflectance in the PAR, blue, green, and red regions”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogged soybean plants had higher reflectance in the red regions
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogged plantse0
- Outcome
- red regionse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“Waterlogged plants also had higher reflectance in the PAR, blue, green, and red regions”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogged soybean plants had lower reflectance in the near-infrared, tissue and water band regions
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogged plantse0
- Outcome
- reflectance in the near-infrared, tissue, and water band regionse1
- Direction
- lowere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“Waterlogged plants also had higher reflectance in the PAR, blue, green, and red regions”
e1“lower reflectance in the near-infrared, tissue, and water band regions”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean is susceptible to waterlogging during the reproductive stage
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- susceptible to waterlogginge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“the soybean crop is susceptible to waterlogging during the reproductive stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil oxygen and physiological data could be used to develop improved soybean cultivars for waterlogging-prone areas
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- develop improved cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Effects on Soybean Physiology and Hyperspectral Reflectance during the Reproductive Stage”
e0“could be used to develop improved cultivars to ensure the stability of soybean production in waterlogging-prone areas”
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