Abstract
Exposure of 10-d-old spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) plants to excess (500 µM) concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd in sand culture inhibited growth, induced toxicity symptoms, oxidative damage and changes in the antioxidant defense system. The severity of the metal-induced effects varied with the metals and the duration of exposure to excess supply of the metals. Each metal induced chlorosis. In addition, excess Co, Ni and Cd also produced metal specific toxic effects. Excess supply of each metal caused lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Their effectiveness in producing oxidative damage was in the order: Ni > Co > Cd > Cu >Zn. Of all the metals, Ni was also most effective in lowering the concentration of the chloroplast pigments (Chl, Car). While each metal increased the concentration of ascorbate and activated the key enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, excess Cd and Zn were more effective in this regard. Each metal increased the activity of SOD and POD and decreased the activity of CAT. Enhancement in SOD activity and inhibition of CAT activity suggested high build-up of H2O2, possibly the main cause of oxidative stress, induced in response to excess supply of the heavy metals.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Excess metals inhibited spinach growth and caused toxicity symptoms and oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Organ / stage
- 10-d-olde0
- Treatment
- excess (500 µM) concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cde0
- Outcome
- growth, induced toxicity symptoms, oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of 10-d-old spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) plants to excess (500 µM) concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd in sand culture inhibited growth, induced toxicity symptoms, oxidative damage and changes in the antioxidant defense system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Severity of metal effects varied by metal and exposure duration.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- metalse0
- Outcome
- severity of the metal-induced effectse0
- Qualifier
- duration of exposuree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severity of the metal-induced effects varied with the metals and the duration of exposure to excess supply of the metals.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Each metal caused chlorosis.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Each metale0
- Outcome
- chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each metal induced chlorosis.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess Co, Ni and Cd caused metal-specific toxic effects.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- excess Co, Ni and Cde0
- Outcome
- metal specific toxic effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excess Co, Ni and Cd also produced metal specific toxic effects.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Each metal caused lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Excess supply of each metale0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation (TBARS)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess supply of each metal caused lipid peroxidation (TBARS).”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative damage followed Ni > Co > Cd > Cu > Zn.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Qualifier
- Ni > Co > Cd > Cu >Zne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Their effectiveness in producing oxidative damage was in the order: Ni > Co > Cd > Cu >Zn.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Ni lowered chloroplast pigment concentration most strongly.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Nie0
- Outcome
- concentration of the chloroplast pigments (Chl, Car)e0
- Direction
- loweringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni was also most effective in lowering the concentration of the chloroplast pigments (Chl, Car).”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Each metal increased ascorbate concentration; Cd and Zn were more effective.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- each metale0
- Outcome
- concentration of ascorbatee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- excess Cd and Zn were more effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While each metal increased the concentration of ascorbate and activated the key enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, excess Cd and Zn were more effective in this regard.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Each metal activated ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes; Cd and Zn were more effective.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- each metale0
- Outcome
- key enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cyclee0
- Direction
- activatede0
- Qualifier
- excess Cd and Zn were more effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While each metal increased the concentration of ascorbate and activated the key enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, excess Cd and Zn were more effective in this regard.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Each metal increased SOD and POD activity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Each metale0
- Outcome
- activity of SOD and PODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each metal increased the activity of SOD and POD and decreased the activity of CAT.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Each metal decreased CAT activity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Each metale0
- Outcome
- activity of CATe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each metal increased the activity of SOD and POD and decreased the activity of CAT.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred high H2O2 accumulation as a possible cause of oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Compound
- H2O2e0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Qualifier
- possibly the main causee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhancement in SOD activity and inhibition of CAT activity suggested high build-up of H2O2, possibly the main cause of oxidative stress, induced in response to excess supply of the heavy metals.”
t0“spinach”
The same questions in other papers
nickel atom · physiology: oxidative · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
zinc atom · physiology: oxidative · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.