Abstract
Abstract Background Aspergillus flavus , a seed-borne fungal pathogen, colonizes host plants and exploits nutrients, hindering the growth of seedlings such as peanut and maize. This study investigates the effectiveness of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus albus strains NNK24 and NDP61, which belong to the Bacillus cereus group, in suppressing A. flavus AF1. Results The antifungal activity of these CFSs was attributed to their surfactant properties and chemical composition. These were characterized using rapid chemical assays and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS), combined with bioinformatic tools such as Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) and Natural Products Atlas (NPAtlas). Identified putative antifungal compounds included two diketopiperazines (cyclo(Pro-Leu) and cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-Leu)), four macrolactins (7-O-succinyl macrolactin A, 7-O-methyl-5′-hydroxy-3′-heptenoate-macrolactin, macrolactin B, and macrolactin C), two siderophores (petrobactin and bacillibactin), and three cyclic lipopeptides (kurstakin 1, 2 or 3, and 4). These compounds are hypothesized to act synergistically via multiple mechanisms, including disruption of fungal membranes, iron capture, direct antibiosis, and triggering plant immunity. Both CFSs strongly suppressed the harmful effects of A. flavus AF1 and seed-borne A. flavus on peanut and maize seedlings, reducing disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) compared to controls. The disease control efficacy (DCE) of the CFSs was comparable to that of the commercial fungicide. Additionally, the CFSs enhanced seed germination, vigor, seedling length, and weight in both peanut and maize. Vigor index (VI) values increased by 222.4–286.0% in peanuts and 181.7–216.4% in maize at 7 days after treatment (DAT). Conclusion CFSs of B. albus NNK24 and NDP61 show significant potential as bioprotective agents for sustainable agriculture. Importantly, their use eliminates the need for live bacterial cells from the B. cereus group, addressing biosafety concerns. Graphical abstract
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
B. albus CFSs had antifungal activity attributed to surfactant properties and chemical composition.
- Taxon
- peanut and maize
Arachis hypogaea
Zea mayse1 - Interactor
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavust0pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus albusBacillus albust1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antifungal activitye0
- Qualifier
- surfactant properties and chemical compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antifungal activity of these CFSs was attributed to their surfactant properties and chemical composition.”
e1“peanut and maize seedlings”
t0“Aspergillus flavus”
t1“Bacillus albus”
Claim · model-written summary
Putative antifungal diketopiperazines were identified in the supernatants.
- Taxon
- peanut and maizeArachis hypogaeaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- two diketopiperazines (cyclo(Pro-Leu) and cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-Leu))e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Identified putative antifungal compounds included two diketopiperazines (cyclo(Pro-Leu) and cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-Leu))”
t0“peanut and maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Four putative antifungal macrolactins were identified.
- Taxon
- peanut and maizeArachis hypogaeaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- four macrolactins (7-O-succinyl macrolactin A, 7-O-methyl-5′-hydroxy-3′-heptenoate-macrolactin, macrolactin B, and macrolactin C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four macrolactins (7-O-succinyl macrolactin A, 7-O-methyl-5′-hydroxy-3′-heptenoate-macrolactin, macrolactin B, and macrolactin C)”
t0“peanut and maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Petrobactin and bacillibactin were putative antifungal siderophores.
- Taxon
- peanut and maizeArachis hypogaeaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- two siderophores (petrobactin and bacillibactin)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two siderophores (petrobactin and bacillibactin)”
t0“peanut and maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Kurstakin cyclic lipopeptides were identified as putative antifungal compounds.
- Taxon
- peanut and maizeArachis hypogaeaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- three cyclic lipopeptides (kurstakin 1, 2 or 3, and 4)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three cyclic lipopeptides (kurstakin 1, 2 or 3, and 4)”
t0“peanut and maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesize synergy through membrane disruption, iron capture, antibiosis and plant immunity.
- Taxon
- peanut and maizeArachis hypogaeaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- act synergisticallye0
- Qualifier
- disruption of fungal membranes, iron capture, direct antibiosis, and triggering plant immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These compounds are hypothesized to act synergistically via multiple mechanisms, including disruption of fungal membranes, iron capture, direct antibiosis, and triggering plant immunity.”
t0“peanut and maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
CFSs reduced Aspergillus disease incidence and severity in peanut seedlings.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- CFSse0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus albusBacillus albust1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both CFSs strongly suppressed the harmful effects of A. flavus AF1 and seed-borne A. flavus on peanut and maize seedlings, reducing disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) compared to controls.”
t0“peanut”
t1“Bacillus albus”
Claim · model-written summary
CFSs reduced Aspergillus disease incidence and severity in maize seedlings.
- Treatment
- CFSse0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus albusBacillus albust1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both CFSs strongly suppressed the harmful effects of A. flavus AF1 and seed-borne A. flavus on peanut and maize seedlings, reducing disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) compared to controls.”
t0“maize”
t1“Bacillus albus”
Claim · model-written summary
CFS disease control efficacy was comparable to a commercial fungicide.
- Taxon
- peanut and maizeArachis hypogaeaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- CFSse0
- Outcome
- disease control efficacy (DCE)e0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- commercial fungicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disease control efficacy (DCE) of the CFSs was comparable to that of the commercial fungicide.”
t0“peanut and maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
CFSs enhanced germination, vigor, length and weight in peanut.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- CFSse0
- Outcome
- seed germination, vigor, seedling length, and weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CFSs enhanced seed germination, vigor, seedling length, and weight in both peanut and maize.”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
CFSs enhanced germination, vigor, length and weight in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CFSs enhanced seed germination, vigor, seedling length, and weight in both peanut and maize.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut vigor index increased 222.4–286.0% seven days after CFS treatment.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- treatment (DAT)e0
- Outcome
- Vigor index (VI) valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 222.4–286.0%e0
- Qualifier
- 7 days after treatment (DAT)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigor index (VI) values increased by 222.4–286.0% in peanuts and 181.7–216.4% in maize at 7 days after treatment (DAT).”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize vigor index increased 181.7–216.4% seven days after CFS treatment.
- Treatment
- CFSse1
- Outcome
- Vigor index (VI) valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 181.7–216.4%e0
- Qualifier
- 7 days after treatment (DAT)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigor index (VI) values increased by 222.4–286.0% in peanuts and 181.7–216.4% in maize at 7 days after treatment (DAT).”
e1“CFSs of B. albus NNK24 and NDP61”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest CFSs as bioprotective agents without live B. cereus-group cells.
- Taxon
- peanut and maizeArachis hypogaeaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- bioprotective agents for sustainable agriculturee0
- Qualifier
- eliminates the need for live bacterial cells from the B. cereus groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CFSs of B. albus NNK24 and NDP61 show significant potential as bioprotective agents for sustainable agriculture. Importantly, their use eliminates the need for live bacterial cells from the B. cereus group, addressing biosafety concerns.”
t0“peanut and maize seedlings”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.