Abstract
Sunflower cultivars are widely cultivated for their oil-rich seeds and ornamental value, making them a staple crop in many agricultural regions. To enhance sunflower plant growth and maximize crop yield, companies and farmers commonly utilize fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This study explored the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizers, including nano-conventional NPK foliar applications at two stages 30 and 55 days after planting and two row distance (50, 70 cm) on the growth and chemical traits of sunflower using a factorial experimental design within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Data collected was analyzed to determine the growth parameters and chemical components of the sunflower. The study found that the recommended soil NPK fertilizer significantly affected all the growth parameters which included the highest value for chlorophyll content (38.73 and 36.48 SPAD), leaf area (3984.43 and 3912.09 cm2), dry matter (102.94 and 131.16 g plant-1). Nano NPK foliar application at different levels showed positive and significant effects on chlorophyll content, leaf area, and dry matter weight. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content in the leaves also increased with nano NPK application in 2022 at 1.679%, 0.432%, and 1.281%. The highest level of N, P and K were recorded from conventional NPK at 0.513%, 0.369%, and 0.462%, respectively in 2021. On the other hand, the lowest values for most of the studied traits were recorded for the control treatment.Higher levels of conventional NPK foliar applications resulted in increased growth parameters and nutrient content. The impact of conventional NPK foliar applications was more pronounced compared to nano NPK application. Data collection at different stages revealed variations in growth and nutrient accumulation over time.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended soil NPK fertilizer gave the highest chlorophyll content, 38.73 and 36.48 SPAD, in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUS
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- recommended soil NPK fertilizere1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 38.73 and 36.48 SPADe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e1“the recommended soil NPK fertilizer significantly affected all the growth parameters which included the highest value for chlorophyll content (38.73 and 36.48 SPAD), leaf area (3984.43 and 3912.09 cm2), dry matter (102.94 and 131.16 g plant-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended soil NPK fertilizer gave the highest leaf area, 3984.43 and 3912.09 cm2, in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- recommended soil NPK fertilizere1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 3984.43 and 3912.09 cm2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e1“the recommended soil NPK fertilizer significantly affected all the growth parameters which included the highest value for chlorophyll content (38.73 and 36.48 SPAD), leaf area (3984.43 and 3912.09 cm2), dry matter (102.94 and 131.16 g plant-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended soil NPK fertilizer gave the highest dry matter, 102.94 and 131.16 g per plant, in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- recommended soil NPK fertilizere1
- Outcome
- dry mattere1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 102.94 and 131.16 g plant-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e1“the recommended soil NPK fertilizer significantly affected all the growth parameters which included the highest value for chlorophyll content (38.73 and 36.48 SPAD), leaf area (3984.43 and 3912.09 cm2), dry matter (102.94 and 131.16 g plant-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano NPK foliar application had positive and significant effects on chlorophyll content, leaf area and dry matter weight in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Nano NPK foliar applicatione2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, leaf area, and dry matter weighte2
- Direction
- positivee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e2“Nano NPK foliar application at different levels showed positive and significant effects on chlorophyll content, leaf area, and dry matter weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano NPK application increased leaf nitrogen content to 1.679% in 2022 in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- nano NPK applicatione3
- Outcome
- Nitrogen (N)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.679%e3
- Qualifier
- in 2022e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e3“Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content in the leaves also increased with nano NPK application in 2022 at 1.679%, 0.432%, and 1.281%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano NPK application increased leaf phosphorus content to 0.432% in 2022 in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- nano NPK applicatione3
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 0.432%e3
- Qualifier
- in 2022e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e3“Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content in the leaves also increased with nano NPK application in 2022 at 1.679%, 0.432%, and 1.281%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano NPK application increased leaf potassium content to 1.281% in 2022 in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- nano NPK applicatione3
- Outcome
- potassium (K)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.281%e3
- Qualifier
- in 2022e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e3“Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content in the leaves also increased with nano NPK application in 2022 at 1.679%, 0.432%, and 1.281%”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional NPK gave the highest leaf nitrogen level, 0.513%, in 2021 in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- conventional NPKe4
- Outcome
- level of Ne4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 0.513%e4
- Qualifier
- in 2021e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e4“The highest level of N, P and K were recorded from conventional NPK at 0.513%, 0.369%, and 0.462%, respectively in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional NPK gave the highest leaf phosphorus level, 0.369%, in 2021 in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- conventional NPKe4
- Outcome
- Pe4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 0.369%e4
- Qualifier
- in 2021e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e4“The highest level of N, P and K were recorded from conventional NPK at 0.513%, 0.369%, and 0.462%, respectively in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional NPK gave the highest leaf potassium level, 0.462%, in 2021 in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- conventional NPKe4
- Outcome
- Ke4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 0.462%e4
- Qualifier
- in 2021e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e4“The highest level of N, P and K were recorded from conventional NPK at 0.513%, 0.369%, and 0.462%, respectively in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher levels of conventional NPK foliar application increased growth parameters and nutrient content in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Higher levels of conventional NPK foliar applicationse5
- Outcome
- growth parameters and nutrient contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e5“Higher levels of conventional NPK foliar applications resulted in increased growth parameters and nutrient content”
Claim · model-written summary
The impact of conventional NPK foliar application was more pronounced than that of nano NPK application in sunflower
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- conventional NPK foliar applicationse6
- Outcome
- impacte6
- Direction
- more pronouncede6
- Comparator
- nano NPK applicatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e6“The impact of conventional NPK foliar applications was more pronounced compared to nano NPK application”
Claim · model-written summary
The control treatment gave the lowest values for most of the studied sunflower traits
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- control treatmente7
- Outcome
- most of the studied traitse7
- Direction
- loweste7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e7“the lowest values for most of the studied traits were recorded for the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth and nutrient accumulation in sunflower varied over time across the sampling stages
- Taxon
- HELIANTHUS ANNUUSHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- growth and nutrient accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- at different stagese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)”
e0“Data collection at different stages revealed variations in growth and nutrient accumulation over time”
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