Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of neem (Azardirachta indica) leaf extract on selected field crops' seed germination and seedling vigor. Five crops viz., rice, maize, sorghum, finger millet, and black gram seeds were used in the study. Seeds of each crop were placed on filter paper saturated with six different concentrations of neem leaf extract (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%), while water was used as the control. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, was conducted using ethanol, chloroform, and diethyl ether extracts. The analysis revealed that neem leaves are richest in alkaloids (5.14%), followed by flavonoids (4.12%). The results showed that Azardirachta indica leaf extracts significantly reduced seed germination and seedling vigor in all crops. As the concentration of the neem leaf extract increased, germination percentages decreased across all crops, with reductions of 18% to 20% compared to the control. Blackgram exhibited the greatest reduction in germination, with germination rates dropping from 89% (water control) to 30% at the highest concentration of neem extract (6%). Regardless of crop type, seedling vigor also declined with increasing neem extract concentrations. Seedling vigor in the water control was recorded as 287.30, 723.1, 696.6, 348.6, and 232.16 for rice, sorghum, maize, black gram, and finger millet, respectively, while values in the 6% neem extract treatment were 161.2, 198.21, 226.4, 58.9, and 62.5, respectively. These results suggest that neem (Azardirachta indica) leaf extract exhibits allelopathic effects, inhibiting both seed germination and seedling growth across various crops.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaves contained 5.14% alkaloids.
- Taxon
- neem
.jpg?width=60)
Azadirachta indicae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- alkaloidse0
- Value
- 5.14%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The analysis revealed that neem leaves are richest in alkaloids (5.14%), followed by flavonoids (4.12%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaves contained 4.12% flavonoids.
- Taxon
- neemAzadirachta indicae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Value
- 4.12%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The analysis revealed that neem leaves are richest in alkaloids (5.14%), followed by flavonoids (4.12%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract significantly reduced seed germination across the tested crops.
- Taxon
- all cropse0
- Treatment
- Azardirachta indica leaf extractse0
- Interactor
- Azardirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that Azardirachta indica leaf extracts significantly reduced seed germination and seedling vigor in all crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract significantly reduced seedling vigor across the tested crops.
- Taxon
- all cropse0
- Treatment
- Azardirachta indica leaf extractse0
- Interactor
- Azardirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- seedling vigore0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that Azardirachta indica leaf extracts significantly reduced seed germination and seedling vigor in all crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing neem extract concentration decreased germination across crops by 18% to 20%.
- Taxon
- all cropse0
- Treatment
- neem leaf extracte0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18% to 20%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the concentration of the neem leaf extract increased, germination percentages decreased across all crops, with reductions of 18% to 20% compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blackgram germination fell from 89% with water to 30% at 6% neem extract.
- Taxon
- Blackgram
Vigna mungoe0 - Treatment
- neem extract (6%)e0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- germination ratese0
- Direction
- droppinge0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 89%e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blackgram exhibited the greatest reduction in germination, with germination rates dropping from 89% (water control) to 30% at the highest concentration of neem extract (6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling vigor declined as neem extract concentration rose across crops.
- Taxon
- crope0
- Treatment
- neem extract concentrationse0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- seedling vigore0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of crop type, seedling vigor also declined with increasing neem extract concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
rice seedling vigor was 161.2 under 6% neem extract versus 287.30 with water.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 6% neem extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- Seedling vigore0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 161.2e0
- Qualifier
- 287.30e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling vigor in the water control was recorded as 287.30, 723.1, 696.6, 348.6, and 232.16 for rice, sorghum, maize, black gram, and finger millet, respectively, while values in the 6% neem extract treatment were 161.2, 198.21, 226.4, 58.9, and 62.5, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum seedling vigor was 198.21 under 6% neem extract versus 723.1 with water.
- Treatment
- 6% neem extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- Seedling vigore0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 198.21e0
- Qualifier
- 723.1e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling vigor in the water control was recorded as 287.30, 723.1, 696.6, 348.6, and 232.16 for rice, sorghum, maize, black gram, and finger millet, respectively, while values in the 6% neem extract treatment were 161.2, 198.21, 226.4, 58.9, and 62.5, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
maize seedling vigor was 226.4 under 6% neem extract versus 696.6 with water.
- Treatment
- 6% neem extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- Seedling vigore0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 226.4e0
- Qualifier
- 696.6e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling vigor in the water control was recorded as 287.30, 723.1, 696.6, 348.6, and 232.16 for rice, sorghum, maize, black gram, and finger millet, respectively, while values in the 6% neem extract treatment were 161.2, 198.21, 226.4, 58.9, and 62.5, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
black gram seedling vigor was 58.9 under 6% neem extract versus 348.6 with water.
- Taxon
- black gramVigna mungoe0
- Treatment
- 6% neem extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- Seedling vigore0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 58.9e0
- Qualifier
- 348.6e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling vigor in the water control was recorded as 287.30, 723.1, 696.6, 348.6, and 232.16 for rice, sorghum, maize, black gram, and finger millet, respectively, while values in the 6% neem extract treatment were 161.2, 198.21, 226.4, 58.9, and 62.5, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
finger millet seedling vigor was 62.5 under 6% neem extract versus 232.16 with water.
- Taxon
- finger millet
Eleusine coracanae0 - Treatment
- 6% neem extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- neemAzadirachta indicae0other
- Outcome
- Seedling vigore0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 62.5e0
- Qualifier
- 232.16e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling vigor in the water control was recorded as 287.30, 723.1, 696.6, 348.6, and 232.16 for rice, sorghum, maize, black gram, and finger millet, respectively, while values in the 6% neem extract treatment were 161.2, 198.21, 226.4, 58.9, and 62.5, respectively.”
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See all 211 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.