Abstract
ABSTRACT Among soybean diseases, rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi , stands out as one of the most destructive. Resistance inducers may be a great alternative to reduce the yield losses caused by this disease from the perspective of more sustainable agriculture. In this study, soybean plants were sprayed with water (control) or with Cautha [referred to as induced resistance (IR) stimulus after that] and inoculated or non‐inoculated with P . pachyrhizi . The germination of urediniospores was significantly reduced by 22%, 26%, 19%, and 25% for the IR stimulus rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mL/L, respectively. Rust severity was significantly reduced by 27%, 19%, 23%, 25%, and 41% at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after inoculation, respectively, and the area under the disease progress curve significantly decreased by 27% for IR stimulus‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed plants. For infected plants, foliar concentrations of Ca, N, chlorophyll a + b , and carotenoids were higher for IR‐stimulus sprayed plants than for water‐sprayed plants. Lower concentrations of malondialdehyde (less cellular damage) and reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical) along with great activities of antioxidative enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) helped to reduce rust symptoms for IR‐stimulus sprayed plants. On top of that, these plants also showed greater foliar concentrations of total soluble phenols and lignin as well as increased activities of defence‐related enzymes (chitinase, β ‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and lipoxygenase). These results strongly support the potential of using this IR stimulus to increase soybean resistance against infection by P . pachyrhizi and, at the same time, to act directly against the germination of the urediniospores.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus at 2.5 mL/L reduced urediniospore germination by 22%.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- IR stimulus ratese0
- Interactor
- urediniosporese0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of urediniosporese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Qualifier
- 2.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of urediniospores was significantly reduced by 22%, 26%, 19%, and 25% for the IR stimulus rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mL/L, respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus at 5 mL/L reduced urediniospore germination by 26%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus ratese0
- Interactor
- urediniosporese0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of urediniosporese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Qualifier
- 5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of urediniospores was significantly reduced by 22%, 26%, 19%, and 25% for the IR stimulus rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mL/L, respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus at 10 mL/L reduced urediniospore germination by 19%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus ratese0
- Interactor
- urediniosporese0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of urediniosporese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- 10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of urediniospores was significantly reduced by 22%, 26%, 19%, and 25% for the IR stimulus rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mL/L, respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus at 20 mL/L reduced urediniospore germination by 25%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus ratese0
- Interactor
- urediniosporese0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of urediniosporese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- 20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of urediniospores was significantly reduced by 22%, 26%, 19%, and 25% for the IR stimulus rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mL/L, respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus reduced rust severity by 27% at 7 days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus‐sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- Rust severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Qualifier
- 7e0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rust severity was significantly reduced by 27%, 19%, 23%, 25%, and 41% at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after inoculation, respectively, and the area under the disease progress curve significantly decreased by 27% for IR stimulus‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus reduced rust severity by 19% at 9 days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus‐sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- Rust severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- 9e0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rust severity was significantly reduced by 27%, 19%, 23%, 25%, and 41% at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after inoculation, respectively, and the area under the disease progress curve significantly decreased by 27% for IR stimulus‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus reduced rust severity by 23% at 11 days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus‐sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- Rust severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Qualifier
- 11e0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rust severity was significantly reduced by 27%, 19%, 23%, 25%, and 41% at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after inoculation, respectively, and the area under the disease progress curve significantly decreased by 27% for IR stimulus‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus reduced rust severity by 25% at 13 days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus‐sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- Rust severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- 13e0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rust severity was significantly reduced by 27%, 19%, 23%, 25%, and 41% at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after inoculation, respectively, and the area under the disease progress curve significantly decreased by 27% for IR stimulus‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus reduced rust severity by 41% at 15 days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus‐sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- Rust severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Qualifier
- 15e0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rust severity was significantly reduced by 27%, 19%, 23%, 25%, and 41% at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after inoculation, respectively, and the area under the disease progress curve significantly decreased by 27% for IR stimulus‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus reduced the area under the disease progress curve by 27%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR stimulus‐sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- area under the disease progress curvee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rust severity was significantly reduced by 27%, 19%, 23%, 25%, and 41% at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after inoculation, respectively, and the area under the disease progress curve significantly decreased by 27% for IR stimulus‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In infected plants, IR stimulus raised foliar Ca, N concentrations.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR‐stimulus sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- Ca, Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- infected plantse0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For infected plants, foliar concentrations of Ca, N, chlorophyll a + b , and carotenoids were higher for IR‐stimulus sprayed plants than for water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In infected plants, IR stimulus raised foliar chlorophyll a + b , and carotenoids concentrations.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR‐stimulus sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a + b , and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- infected plantse0
- Comparator
- water‐sprayed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For infected plants, foliar concentrations of Ca, N, chlorophyll a + b , and carotenoids were higher for IR‐stimulus sprayed plants than for water‐sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus plants had lower malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species concentrations.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR‐stimulus sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of malondialdehyde (less cellular damage) and reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- Lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower concentrations of malondialdehyde (less cellular damage) and reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical) along with great activities of antioxidative enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) helped to reduce rust symptoms for IR‐stimulus sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus plants had great antioxidative enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- IR‐stimulus sprayed plantse0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidative enzymese0
- Direction
- greate0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower concentrations of malondialdehyde (less cellular damage) and reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical) along with great activities of antioxidative enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) helped to reduce rust symptoms for IR‐stimulus sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus plants had greater total soluble phenol and lignin concentrations.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- foliar concentrations of total soluble phenols and lignine0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these plants also showed greater foliar concentrations of total soluble phenols and lignin as well as increased activities of defence‐related enzymes (chitinase, β ‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and lipoxygenase).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
IR stimulus plants had increased defence enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- activities of defence‐related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these plants also showed greater foliar concentrations of total soluble phenols and lignin as well as increased activities of defence‐related enzymes (chitinase, β ‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and lipoxygenase).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret reduced cellular damage and stronger antioxidant activity as helping to reduce rust symptoms.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- rust symptomse0
- Qualifier
- Lower concentrations of malondialdehyde (less cellular damage) and reactive oxygen speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower concentrations of malondialdehyde (less cellular damage) and reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical) along with great activities of antioxidative enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) helped to reduce rust symptoms for IR‐stimulus sprayed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.