Abstract
Background: Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is one of the main food legume crops in Iran, where it is grown as a rainfed crop in spring in cold regions.One of the obstacles of spring cultivation in cold regions is drought stress exposure at the end of the growing season in the late cultivation date, which dramatically increases null pods and decreases seed yield.Until introducing autumn cultivation, specific, and cold-tolerant lentil varieties, the only solution for this problem is to find ways to deal with the damage of drought stress.Nanotechnology serves as a precursor of the new industrial revolution that has the potential to bring alteration in agricultural production.Nanoparticles (NPs) have been applied for enhancing seed germination, growth, physiology, productivity, and quality traits of various crops under normal or stressful conditions.Therefore, to reduce the negative effect of drought stress at dryland conditions in late cultivations, the effect of ZnSO4 and Fe2O3 NPs at 0.5% and 1% were studied on the agronomic, physiologic, root traits, and antioxidant system of lentils in the cold region.Methods: A field study was carried out at the Dryland Agricultural Research Center (DARI) in Maragheh during the 2019-2020 growing season.Experiments were conducted in rainfed conditions using a complete block design with three replications.Treatments were no spray, 0.5% nano ZnSO4, 1% nano ZnSO4, 0.5% ZnSO4, 1% ZnSO4, 0.5% nano Fe2O3, 1% nano Fe2O3, 0.5% Fe2O3, and 1% Fe2O3.Treatments were applied at two stages (10 days after the plant first establishment and 50% of flowering) in the early morning and not on windy days.The Bilesavar variety, which is suitable for spring cultivation in cold regions, was used in this experiment.Plant height, relative water content (RWC), cell membrane stability (CMS), canopy temperature, and the normalized difference in the vegetative index (NDVI) were recorded during the growing season.The seed yield and 100 seed weight (HSW) were calculated after harvesting.The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (ASP), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and the contents of proline, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids were calculated in gathered leaf samples during the growing season.Results: Differences between treatments were significant for RWC, CMS, canopy temperature, NDVI, and seed yield at 1%, and for HSW at 0.5%.The highest seed weight was observed in using nano Fe2O3 0.5%, and the lowest belonged to no spray treatment.The lowest RWC, CMS, and the highest canopy temperature were recorded in no spray treatment.Analysis of variance results showed that differences between treatments for all biochemical traits were significant at the 1% level.Chlorophylls a and b contents increased using NPs, and the highest level belonged to 1% nano ZnSO4 treatment and as expected the lowest calculated in no spray treatments.The highest carotenoids, and the activities CAT, ASP, GPX, and SOD were observed in 1% nano ZnSO4 treatment.The lowest activity of these enzymes as well as the highest H2O2, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) belonged to no spray treatment.According to the results, seed yield was significantly correlated with CAT (0.81), GPX (0.88), SOD (0.80), H2O2 (-0.82),MDA (-0.90), proline (-0.89), chlorophyll a (0.83), chlorophyll b (0.64), carotenoids (0.74), HSW, (0.50), NDVI (0.86), canopy temperature (-0.76),RWC (0.84), and CMS (0.95) at the 1% level.The highest
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments differed significantly in RWC, CMS, canopy temperature, NDVI and seed yield.
- Taxon
- Lentil
Lens culinarist0 - Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- RWC, CMS, canopy temperature, NDVI, and seed yielde0
- Value
- 1%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences between treatments were significant for RWC, CMS, canopy temperature, NDVI, and seed yield at 1%”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments differed significantly in HSW.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- HSWe0
- Value
- 0.5%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences between treatments were significant for RWC, CMS, canopy temperature, NDVI, and seed yield at 1%, and for HSW at 0.5%.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest seed weight occurred under 0.5% nano Fe2O3.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- nano Fe2O3 0.5%e0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- no spray treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest seed weight was observed in using nano Fe2O3 0.5%, and the lowest belonged to no spray treatment.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
No spray produced the lowest RWC and CMS.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- no spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- RWC, CMSe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest RWC, CMS, and the highest canopy temperature were recorded in no spray treatment.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
No spray produced the highest canopy temperature.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- no spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest RWC, CMS, and the highest canopy temperature were recorded in no spray treatment.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments differed significantly for all biochemical traits.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- all biochemical traitse0
- Value
- 1%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differences between treatments for all biochemical traits were significant at the 1% level.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles increased chlorophyll a and b.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- Chlorophylls a and b contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophylls a and b contents increased using NPs”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest chlorophyll a and b levels occurred under 1% nano ZnSO4.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- 1% nano ZnSO4 treatmente0
- Outcome
- Chlorophylls a and b contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- no spray treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophylls a and b contents increased using NPs, and the highest level belonged to 1% nano ZnSO4 treatment and as expected the lowest calculated in no spray treatments.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest carotenoid content occurred under 1% nano ZnSO4.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- 1% nano ZnSO4 treatmente0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest carotenoids, and the activities CAT, ASP, GPX, and SOD were observed in 1% nano ZnSO4 treatment.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest CAT, ASP, GPX and SOD activities occurred under 1% nano ZnSO4.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- 1% nano ZnSO4 treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities CAT, ASP, GPX, and SODe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest carotenoids, and the activities CAT, ASP, GPX, and SOD were observed in 1% nano ZnSO4 treatment.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
No spray gave the lowest CAT, ASP, GPX and SOD activities.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- no spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- activity of these enzymese0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest activity of these enzymes as well as the highest H2O2, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) belonged to no spray treatment.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
No spray gave the highest H2O2, proline and MDA.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- no spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- H2O2, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest activity of these enzymes as well as the highest H2O2, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) belonged to no spray treatment.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated positively with CAT, GPX and SOD.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was significantly correlated with CAT (0.81), GPX (0.88), SOD (0.80)”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated negatively with H2O2, MDA and proline.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Compound
- H2O2e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Value
- -0.82e0
- Qualifier
- MDA (-0.90), proline (-0.89)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was significantly correlated with CAT (0.81), GPX (0.88), SOD (0.80), H2O2 (-0.82),MDA (-0.90), proline (-0.89)”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated positively with chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Compound
- chlorophyll ae0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Value
- 0.83e0
- Qualifier
- chlorophyll b (0.64), carotenoids (0.74)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was significantly correlated with CAT (0.81), GPX (0.88), SOD (0.80), H2O2 (-0.82),MDA (-0.90), proline (-0.89), chlorophyll a (0.83), chlorophyll b (0.64), carotenoids (0.74)”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated positively with HSW and NDVI.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was significantly correlated with CAT (0.81), GPX (0.88), SOD (0.80), H2O2 (-0.82),MDA (-0.90), proline (-0.89), chlorophyll a (0.83), chlorophyll b (0.64), carotenoids (0.74), HSW, (0.50), NDVI (0.86)”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated negatively with canopy temperature.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Value
- -0.76e0
- Comparator
- canopy temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was significantly correlated with CAT (0.81), GPX (0.88), SOD (0.80), H2O2 (-0.82),MDA (-0.90), proline (-0.89), chlorophyll a (0.83), chlorophyll b (0.64), carotenoids (0.74), HSW, (0.50), NDVI (0.86), canopy temperature (-0.76)”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated positively with RWC and CMS.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was significantly correlated with CAT (0.81), GPX (0.88), SOD (0.80), H2O2 (-0.82),MDA (-0.90), proline (-0.89), chlorophyll a (0.83), chlorophyll b (0.64), carotenoids (0.74), HSW, (0.50), NDVI (0.86), canopy temperature (-0.76),RWC (0.84), and CMS (0.95) at the 1% level.”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris)”
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