Abstract
Enhancing photosynthesis is considered one of the most rational strategies to increase crop yield. However, the dominant physiological driving processes of photosynthesis at different maize growth stages under long-term fertilization remain unclear. Based on a 45-years field experiment, four treatments were selected—namely, CK (no fertilizers), N (276 kg N ha−1), M (60,000 kg manure ha−1), and MN (60,000 kg manure + 276 kg N ha−1)—to study the response of maize physiological characteristics to fertilization. The results showed that long-term fertilization significantly changed the photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones content. Among them, MN increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 41.9–152.3% at different maize growth stages compared to CK. Organic fertilizer addition (M and MN) significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble sugar (SS) by 26.7–64.3%, 42.5–155.4%, and 16.4–89.5%, respectively. However, proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased by 19.1–44.3% and 0.6-21.3%, respectively. Under these treatments, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA), salicylic acid (SA), zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), SS, SOD, and POD were the main physiological driving indicators of photosynthesis. The result of PLS-SEM indicated that the main physiological driving pathways of photosynthesis were “IAA or ZR or SA-SOD-POD-Pn” and “GA or ABA-SOD or POD-SS-Pn”. Additionally, the maize grain yield of N, M, and MN increased by 111.2%, 218.1%, and 297.2% compared to CK, respectively. Overall, organic combined with nitrogen fertilizer could maintain a higher level of photosynthetic capacity by balancing endogenous hormones and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes to support maize production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term fertilization significantly altered maize photosynthetic traits and endogenous hormone content.
- Treatment
- long-term fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones contente0
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term fertilization significantly changed the photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones content.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
MN raised maize photosynthetic rate by 41.9–152.3% against CK across growth stages.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MN increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 41.9–152.3% at different maize growth stages compared to CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer addition increased superoxide dismutase by 26.7–64.3%.
- Treatment
- Organic fertilizer addition (M and MN)e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.7–64.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic fertilizer addition (M and MN) significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble sugar (SS) by 26.7–64.3%, 42.5–155.4%, and 16.4–89.5%, respectively.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer addition increased peroxidase by 42.5–155.4%.
- Treatment
- Organic fertilizer addition (M and MN)e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.5–155.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic fertilizer addition (M and MN) significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble sugar (SS) by 26.7–64.3%, 42.5–155.4%, and 16.4–89.5%, respectively.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer addition increased soluble sugar by 16.4–89.5%.
- Treatment
- Organic fertilizer addition (M and MN)e0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar (SS)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.4–89.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic fertilizer addition (M and MN) significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble sugar (SS) by 26.7–64.3%, 42.5–155.4%, and 16.4–89.5%, respectively.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline content decreased by 19.1–44.3% under organic fertilizer addition.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased by 19.1–44.3% and 0.6-21.3%, respectively.”
t0“Organic Amendment Enhances Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde content decreased by 0.6-21.3% under organic fertilizer addition.
- Treatment
- Organic Amendmentt0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.6-21.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased by 19.1–44.3% and 0.6-21.3%, respectively.”
t0“Organic Amendment Enhances Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Hormones, soluble sugar and antioxidant enzymes were identified as main physiological indicators of photosynthesis.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under these treatments, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA), salicylic acid (SA), zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), SS, SOD, and POD were the main physiological driving indicators of photosynthesis.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
PLS-SEM identified IAA, ZR and SA via SOD and POD, and GA and ABA via SOD or POD and soluble sugar, as pathways to photosynthetic rate.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The result of PLS-SEM indicated that the main physiological driving pathways of photosynthesis were “IAA or ZR or SA-SOD-POD-Pn” and “GA or ABA-SOD or POD-SS-Pn”.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer increased maize grain yield by 111.2% over CK.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maize grain yield of N, M, and MN increased by 111.2%, 218.1%, and 297.2% compared to CK, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure increased maize grain yield by 218.1% over CK.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maize grain yield of N, M, and MN increased by 111.2%, 218.1%, and 297.2% compared to CK, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and nitrogen increased maize grain yield by 297.2% over CK.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maize grain yield of N, M, and MN increased by 111.2%, 218.1%, and 297.2% compared to CK, respectively.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.