Abstract
Compared with single agronomic practices management during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic practices management on grain-filling characteristics and physiological function of endogenous hormones was limited. In order to clarify this issue, two field experiments, integrated agronomic practices management (IAPM), T1 (local conventional cultivation practices), T2 (an optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), T3 (treatment based on high-yield studies), and T4 (further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), and nitrogen rate testing (NAT) (four nitrogen rates, 0, 129.0, 184.5, and 300.0 kg N ha−1) were performed with summer maize hybrid Zhengdan 958 (ZD958). Results showed that with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. However, the grain-filling characteristics deteriorated and yield was reduced with excessive nitrogen fertilization. However, IAPM could promote hormone balance and improve grain filling characteristic. The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid (ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1. Those resulted in the maximum grain-filling rate (Wmax) and the active grain-filling period (P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield. So IAPM promoted hormone balance by improving tillage model, optimizing fertilizer rate and fertilization period, appropriately increasing planting density and delaying harvest, which promoted grain filling rate and lengthened active grain-filling period, finally increased grain yield.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen promoted endogenous hormone balance and grain filling.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen significantly increased grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen worsened grain filling and reduced yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain-filling characteristics deteriorated and yield was reduced with excessive nitrogen fertilization.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated practices promoted hormone balance and improved grain filling.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IAPM could promote hormone balance and improve grain filling characteristic.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 and T4 increased IAA, ZR and GA3 contents relative to T1.
- Treatment
- T2 and T4 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA3) contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid (ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 and T4 lowered ABA content relative to T1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid (ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 increased ZR and GA3 contents relative to T1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid (ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2, T3 and T4 significantly increased maximum grain-filling rate versus T1.
- Treatment
- T2, T3 and T4e0
- Outcome
- maximum grain-filling rate (Wmax)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum grain-filling rate (Wmax) and the active grain-filling period (P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2, T3 and T4 significantly lengthened active grain filling versus T1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum grain-filling rate (Wmax) and the active grain-filling period (P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2, T3 and T4 promoted kernel weight and grain yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum grain-filling rate (Wmax) and the active grain-filling period (P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield.”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
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