Abstract
Analyzing root exudates during drought poses a serious challenge; sampling root exudates in soil is destructive to roots and leads to biased molecular analysis, along with microbial decomposition and exudate sorption to soil components. Hydroponic approaches are useful to overcome these problems but lack the utility to induce drought. Nondestructive sampling techniques are thus needed to analyze root exudates from the same plants over time in combination with highly controlled variable water/nutrient stress. The proposed aeroponic approach demonstrated that cotton could be grown to maturity in the aeroponic system, then a progressive drought treatment applied while simultaneously collecting root exudates from the same plants over time. Treatments of varying irrigation rates consisted of well-watered cotton (control) that was compared to cotton given progressive water stress (drought) and subsequent drought recovery for two weeks. Plants were entering flowering as drought treatment was applied. Nondestructive morphological measurements of plant productivity were made. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was employed to analyze the molecular profile of exudates, whereas gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to quantify abscisic acid (ABA). Plant development was highly responsive to reduced irrigation intervals with decreased canopy height, number of green leaves, biomass, and water content. As revealed by FT-ICR MS, the complexity and connectivity of unique biochemical transformation networks in response to drought was greatest at 9 days after treatment, where severe visual symptoms were observed. Overall, the aeroponic approach is a promising technology to simulate drought while sampling root exudates nondestructively, advancing root system research and plant-stress response mechanisms.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
The aeroponic approach allows nondestructive sampling of root exudates in cotton, unlike sampling in soil.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Outcome
- sampling root exudates nondestructivelye5
- Comparator
- sampling root exudates in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sampling root exudates in soil is destructive to roots”
e1“cotton could be grown to maturity in the aeroponic system”
e5“the aeroponic approach is a promising technology to simulate drought while sampling root exudates nondestructively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton could be grown to maturity in the aeroponic system.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- could be grown to maturitye1
- Setting
- aeroponic systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“cotton could be grown to maturity in the aeroponic system”
Claim · model-written summary
Progressive drought decreased canopy height, number of green leaves and biomass in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- reduced irrigation intervalse3
- Outcome
- canopy height, number of green leaves, biomasse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- well-watered cotton (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“well-watered cotton (control) that was compared to cotton given progressive water stress (drought)”
e3“Plant development was highly responsive to reduced irrigation intervals with decreased canopy height, number of green leaves, biomass, and water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation intervals decreased water content of cotton plants.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- reduced irrigation intervalse3
- Outcome
- water contente3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- well-watered cotton (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“well-watered cotton (control) that was compared to cotton given progressive water stress (drought)”
e3“Plant development was highly responsive to reduced irrigation intervals with decreased canopy height, number of green leaves, biomass, and water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, the complexity and connectivity of biochemical transformation networks in cotton root exudates was greatest at 9 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- droughte4
- Outcome
- complexity and connectivity of unique biochemical transformation networkse4
- Direction
- greateste4
- Qualifier
- at 9 days after treatmente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“well-watered cotton (control) that was compared to cotton given progressive water stress (drought)”
e4“the complexity and connectivity of unique biochemical transformation networks in response to drought was greatest at 9 days after treatment”
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