Abstract
Abstract In Georgia plasticulture vegetable production, a single installation of plastic mulch is used for up to five cropping cycles over an 18-mo period. Preplant applications of glyphosate and glufosinate ensure fields are weed-free before transplanting, but recent data suggest that residual activity of these herbicides may pose a risk to transplanted vegetables. Glyphosate and glufosinate were applied preplant in combination with three different planting configurations, including 1) a new plant hole into new mulch, 2) a preexisting plant hole, 3) or a new plant hole spaced 15 cm from a preexisting plant hole (adjacent). Following herbicide application, overhead irrigation was used to remove residues from the mulch before punching transplanting holes for tomato, cucumber, or squash. Visible injury; widths; biomass; and yield of tomato, cucumber, or squash were not influenced by herbicide in the new mulch or adjacent planting configurations. When glyphosate was applied at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 and the new crop was planted into preexisting holes, tomato was injured by 45%, with reduced heights, biomass, and yields; at 2.5 kg ae ha −1 injury of 8% and a biomass reduction was observed. Cucumber and squash were injured by 23% to 32% by glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 , with reductions in growth and early-season yield; lower rates did not influence crop growth or production when the crop was placed into a preexisting plant hole. Glufosinate applied at the same rates did not affect tomato growth or yield when planted into preexisting plant holes. Cucumber, when planted into preexisting plant holes, was injured by 43% to 75% from glufosinate, with reductions in height and biomass, and yield losses of 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha −1 ; similar results from glufosinate were observed in squash. In multi-crop plasticulture production, growers should ensure vegetable transplants are placed a minimum of 15 cm away from soil exposed to these herbicides.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 injured tomato by 45% when the crop was planted into preexisting holes.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Value
- 45%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When glyphosate was applied at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 and the new crop was planted into preexisting holes, tomato was injured by 45%”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 reduced tomato heights, biomass and yields when planted into preexisting holes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- heights, biomass, and yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When glyphosate was applied at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 and the new crop was planted into preexisting holes, tomato was injured by 45%”
e1“tomato was injured by 45%, with reduced heights, biomass, and yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 2.5 kg ae ha −1 caused 8% tomato injury.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Outcome
- injurye3
- Value
- 8%e3
- Qualifier
- at 2.5 kg ae ha −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“tomato was injured by 45%, with reduced heights, biomass, and yields; at 2.5 kg ae ha −1 injury of 8% and a biomass reduction was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 2.5 kg ae ha −1 reduced tomato biomass.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- biomasse3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Qualifier
- at 2.5 kg ae ha −1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When glyphosate was applied at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 and the new crop was planted into preexisting holes, tomato was injured by 45%”
e3“tomato was injured by 45%, with reduced heights, biomass, and yields; at 2.5 kg ae ha −1 injury of 8% and a biomass reduction was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 injured cucumber and squash by 23% to 32%.
Verbatim
e4“Cucumber and squash were injured by 23% to 32% by glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 , with reductions in growth and early-season yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 reduced growth and early-season yield of cucumber and squash.
- Taxon
- Cucumber and squashe4
- Treatment
- glyphosatee4
- Outcome
- growth and early-season yielde4
- Direction
- reductionse4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“Cucumber and squash were injured by 23% to 32% by glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 , with reductions in growth and early-season yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower glyphosate rates did not influence growth or production of cucumber and squash planted into preexisting holes.
- Taxon
- Cucumber and squashe4
- Treatment
- glyphosatee4
- Outcome
- crop growth or productione5
- Direction
- did not influencee5
- Qualifier
- lower ratese5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“Cucumber and squash were injured by 23% to 32% by glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha −1 , with reductions in growth and early-season yield”
e5“lower rates did not influence crop growth or production when the crop was placed into a preexisting plant hole”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate at the same rates did not affect tomato growth or yield when planted into preexisting holes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- Glufosinatee6
- Outcome
- growth or yielde6
- Direction
- did not affecte6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Glufosinate applied at the same rates did not affect tomato growth or yield when planted into preexisting plant holes”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate injured cucumber by 43% to 75% when planted into preexisting holes.
- Taxon
- Cucumber
Cucumis sativuse7 - Treatment
- glufosinatee7
- Outcome
- injurede7
- Value
- 43% to 75%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Cucumber, when planted into preexisting plant holes, was injured by 43% to 75% from glufosinate, with reductions in height and biomass, and yield losses of 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate reduced cucumber height and biomass when planted into preexisting holes.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse7
- Treatment
- glufosinatee7
- Outcome
- height and biomasse7
- Direction
- reductionse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Cucumber, when planted into preexisting plant holes, was injured by 43% to 75% from glufosinate, with reductions in height and biomass, and yield losses of 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate caused cucumber yield losses of 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha −1 when planted into preexisting holes.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse7
- Treatment
- glufosinatee7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- lossese7
- Value
- 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha −1e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Cucumber, when planted into preexisting plant holes, was injured by 43% to 75% from glufosinate, with reductions in height and biomass, and yield losses of 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Squash showed similar results to cucumber from glufosinate.
Verbatim
e1“similar results from glufosinate were observed in squash”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide in the new mulch or adjacent planting configurations did not influence visible injury of tomato, cucumber or squash.
- Taxon
- tomato, cucumber, or squashe1
- Treatment
- herbicidee1
- Outcome
- Visible injurye1
- Direction
- not influencede1
- Qualifier
- new mulch or adjacent planting configurationse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Visible injury; widths; biomass; and yield of tomato, cucumber, or squash were not influenced by herbicide in the new mulch or adjacent planting configurations”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide in the new mulch or adjacent planting configurations did not influence widths, biomass or yield of tomato, cucumber or squash.
- Taxon
- tomato, cucumber, or squashe1
- Treatment
- herbicidee1
- Outcome
- widths; biomass; and yielde1
- Direction
- not influencede1
- Qualifier
- new mulch or adjacent planting configurationse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Visible injury; widths; biomass; and yield of tomato, cucumber, or squash were not influenced by herbicide in the new mulch or adjacent planting configurations”
Claim · model-written summary
Growers should place vegetable transplants at least 15 cm away from soil exposed to these herbicides.
Verbatim
e2“growers should ensure vegetable transplants are placed a minimum of 15 cm away from soil exposed to these herbicides”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 14 papers →glyphosate · yield · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
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glufosinate · yield · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
herbicide · yield · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
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7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
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7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 12 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.