Abstract
Abstract Elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ) stimulates productivity and nutrient demand of crops. Thus, comprehensively understanding the crop phosphorus (P) acquisition strategy is critical for sustaining agriculture to combat climate changes. Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2 (550 µmol mol −1 ) and ambient CO 2 (aCO 2 , 415 µmol mol −1 ) environments. We assessed the soil P fractions, root morphological and physiological traits and multitrophic microbiota [including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP)‐producing bacteria, protozoa, and bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes] in the rhizosphere and their trophic interactions at jointing stage of wheat. Compared with aCO 2 , significant 20.2% higher shoot biomass and 26.8% total P accumulation of wheat occurred under eCO 2 . The eCO 2 promoted wheat root length and AMF hyphal biomass, and increased the concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activity, which was accompanied by significant decreases in calcium‐bound inorganic P (Ca‐P i ) (by 16.7%) and moderately labile organic P (by 26.5%) and an increase in available P (by 14.4%) in the rhizosphere soil. The eCO 2 also increased the growth of ALP‐producing bacteria, protozoa, and bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes in the rhizosphere, governed their diversity and community composition. In addition, the eCO 2 strengthened the trophic interactions of microbiota in rhizosphere; specifically, the eCO 2 promoted the associations between protozoa and ALP‐producing bacteria, between protozoa and AMF, whereas decreased the associations between ALP‐producing bacteria and nematodes. Our findings highlighted the important role of root traits and multitrophic interactions among microbiota in modulating crop P‐acquisition strategies, which could advance our understanding about optimal P management in agriculture systems under global climate changes.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased wheat shoot biomass by 20.2% compared with ambient CO2
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- eCO 2e1
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 20.2%e2
- Comparator
- aCO 2e2
- Setting
- fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e2“Compared with aCO 2 , significant 20.2% higher shoot biomass and 26.8% total P accumulation of wheat occurred under eCO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased wheat total P accumulation by 26.8% compared with ambient CO2
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e1
- Outcome
- total P accumulatione2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 26.8%e2
- Comparator
- aCO 2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e2“Compared with aCO 2 , significant 20.2% higher shoot biomass and 26.8% total P accumulation of wheat occurred under eCO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 promoted wheat root length
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e3
- Outcome
- root lengthe3
- Direction
- promotede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e3“The eCO 2 promoted wheat root length and AMF hyphal biomass, and increased the concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 promoted the hyphal biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in wheat roots
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF hyphal biomasse3
- Direction
- promotede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e3“The eCO 2 promoted wheat root length and AMF hyphal biomass, and increased the concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased organic acid anion concentration and ALP activity in the wheat rhizosphere
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e3
- Outcome
- concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e3“The eCO 2 promoted wheat root length and AMF hyphal biomass, and increased the concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased calcium-bound inorganic P in the rhizosphere by 16.7%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e3
- Outcome
- calcium‐bound inorganic Pe4
- Direction
- decreasese4
- Value
- 16.7%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e3“The eCO 2 promoted wheat root length and AMF hyphal biomass, and increased the concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activity”
e4“significant decreases in calcium‐bound inorganic P (Ca‐P i ) (by 16.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased moderately labile organic P in the rhizosphere by 26.5%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e3
- Outcome
- moderately labile organic Pe5
- Direction
- decreasese4
- Value
- 26.5%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e3“The eCO 2 promoted wheat root length and AMF hyphal biomass, and increased the concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activity”
e4“significant decreases in calcium‐bound inorganic P (Ca‐P i ) (by 16.7%)”
e5“moderately labile organic P (by 26.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased available P in the rhizosphere soil by 14.4%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e3
- Outcome
- available Pe6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 14.4%e6
- Setting
- rhizosphere soile6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e3“The eCO 2 promoted wheat root length and AMF hyphal biomass, and increased the concentration of organic acid anions and the ALP activity”
e6“an increase in available P (by 14.4%) in the rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the growth of ALP-producing bacteria, protozoa and nematodes in the rhizosphere
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e7
- Interactor
- ALP‐producing bacteriae7other
- Second interactor
- protozoae7other
- Outcome
- growth of ALP‐producing bacteria, protozoa, and bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodese7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodese7
- Setting
- rhizospheree7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e7“The eCO 2 also increased the growth of ALP‐producing bacteria, protozoa, and bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes in the rhizosphere, governed their diversity and community composition”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 governed the diversity and community composition of rhizosphere microbiota
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e7
- Outcome
- diversity and community compositione7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e7“The eCO 2 also increased the growth of ALP‐producing bacteria, protozoa, and bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes in the rhizosphere, governed their diversity and community composition”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 strengthened the trophic interactions of rhizosphere microbiota
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e2
- Outcome
- trophic interactions of microbiota in rhizospheree2
- Direction
- strengthenede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e2“the eCO 2 strengthened the trophic interactions of microbiota in rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 promoted the association between protozoa and ALP-producing bacteria
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e2
- Interactor
- protozoae2other
- Second interactor
- ALP‐producing bacteriae2other
- Outcome
- associations between protozoa and ALP‐producing bacteriae2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e2“the eCO 2 promoted the associations between protozoa and ALP‐producing bacteria, between protozoa and AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 promoted the association between protozoa and AMF
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e2
- Interactor
- protozoae2other
- Second interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- between protozoa and AMFe2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e2“the eCO 2 promoted the associations between protozoa and ALP‐producing bacteria, between protozoa and AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased the association between ALP-producing bacteria and nematodes
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e2
- Interactor
- ALP‐producing bacteriae3other
- Outcome
- associations between ALP‐producing bacteria and nematodese3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) was planted in field in the eCO 2”
e2“the eCO 2 promoted the associations between protozoa and ALP‐producing bacteria, between protozoa and AMF”
e3“whereas decreased the associations between ALP‐producing bacteria and nematodes”
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