Abstract
This work focuses on biohybrid systems—plants with biosensors and actuating mechanisms that enhance the ability of biological organisms to control environmental parameters, to optimize growth conditions or to cope with stress factors. Biofeedback-based phytoactuation represents the next step of development in hydroponics, vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. The sensing part of the discussed approach uses (electro)physiological sensors. The hydrodynamics of fluid transport systems, estimated electrochemically, is compared with sap flow data provided by heat-based methods. In vivo impedance spectroscopy enables the discrimination of water, nutrient and photosynthates in the plant stem. Additionally to plant physiology, the system measures several air/soil and environmental parameters. The actuating part includes a multi-channel power module to control phytolight, irrigation, fertilization and air/water preparation. We demonstrate several tested in situ applications of a closed-loop control based on real-time biofeedback. In vertical farming, this is used to optimize energy and water consumption, reduce growth time and detect stress. Biofeedback was able to reduce the microgreen production cycle from 7 days to 4–5 days and the production of wheatgrass from 10 days to 7–8 days, and, in combination with biofeedback-based irrigation, a 30% increase in pea biomass was achieved. Its energy optimization can reach 25–30%. In environmental monitoring, the system performs the biological monitoring of environmental pollution (a low concentration of O3) with tomato and tobacco plants. In AI research, a complex exploration of biological organisms, and in particular the adaptation mechanisms of circadian clocks to changing environments, has been shown. This paper introduces a phytosensor system, describes its electrochemical measurements and discusses its tested applications.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
In vivo impedance spectroscopy distinguished water, nutrient and photosynthates in plant stems.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Verbatim
e0“In vivo impedance spectroscopy enables the discrimination of water, nutrient and photosynthates in the plant stem.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofeedback shortened the microgreen production cycle from seven days to four to five days.
Verbatim
e0“Biofeedback was able to reduce the microgreen production cycle from 7 days to 4–5 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofeedback shortened wheatgrass production from ten days to seven to eight days.
- Taxon
- wheatgrasse0
- Treatment
- Biofeedbacke1
- Outcome
- production of wheatgrasse0
- Value
- 7–8 dayse0
- Comparator
- 10 dayse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the production of wheatgrass from 10 days to 7–8 days”
e1“Biofeedback was able to reduce the microgreen production cycle from 7 days to 4–5 days and the production of wheatgrass from 10 days to 7–8 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofeedback irrigation increased pea biomass by 30%.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- biofeedback-based irrigatione0
- Outcome
- pea biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in combination with biofeedback-based irrigation, a 30% increase in pea biomass was achieved.”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy optimization with the system can reach 25–30%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Its energy optimization can reach 25–30%.”
Claim · model-written summary
The system biologically monitored low-concentration O3 pollution with tomato and tobacco plants.
- Taxon
- tomato and tobacco plants
Solanum lycopersicum
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Outcome
- biological monitoring of environmental pollutione0
- Qualifier
- a low concentration of O3e0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the system performs the biological monitoring of environmental pollution (a low concentration of O3) with tomato and tobacco plants.”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.