Abstract
This study investigated the effects of specific strains of two arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) (Rhizophagus irregularis and Claroideoglomus claroideum) and of two plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Rhizobium leguminosarum and Burkholderia spp.), supplied either individually or as combination of a mixture of both arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi with each bacteria on root morphology, growth and fresh grain yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Inoculated and non-inoculated pea plants were subjected to two levels of salinity (0 and 50 mM) by the addition of sodium chloride into tap water. Prior to fresh grain harvesting the morphology of root system was analyzed and the dry matter of roots and shoots were individually measured in randomly selected plants. Fresh pods were individually harvested per each plant; fresh (green) grains were separately counted and weighted per each pod at each individual plant, and the average grain weight was calculated by dividing total grain weight of plant with the respective number of green grains. The raise of salinity in the irrigation water strongly diminished the growth of pea plants by significantly reducing weight, length, surface area and root volume of pea plants. The relationships of pea plants with beneficiary fungi and bacteria were specific to each microorganism and highly depended on the environment. We found that under saline conditions, Rhizophagus irregularis provided a better vegetative growth and a higher yield than Claroideoglomus claroideum. Although, single application of Burkolderia spp. provides a better vegetative growth than single application of Rhizobium leguminosarum the best results, in terms of growth and harvested yield, were still obtained by combined application of AM fungi with Rhizobium leguminosarum. This combination was able to sustain the average grain weight at the level of non-saline plants and provided a significantly higher yield than the control plants.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Raised salinity reduced pea root weight, length, surface area and volume.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- raise of salinity in the irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- weight, length, surface area and root volume of pea plantse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The raise of salinity in the irrigation water strongly diminished the growth of pea plants by significantly reducing weight, length, surface area and root volume of pea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline conditions Rhizophagus irregularis gave better vegetative growth than Claroideoglomus claroideum.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Rhizophagus irregularise0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont - Second interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae0symbiont
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- Claroideoglomus claroideume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under saline conditions, Rhizophagus irregularis provided a better vegetative growth and a higher yield than Claroideoglomus claroideum.”
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline conditions Rhizophagus irregularis gave higher yield than Claroideoglomus claroideum.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Rhizophagus irregularise0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularisRhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Claroideoglomus claroideumEntrophospora claroideae0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- Claroideoglomus claroideume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under saline conditions, Rhizophagus irregularis provided a better vegetative growth and a higher yield than Claroideoglomus claroideum.”
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Burkolderia spp. alone gave better vegetative growth than Rhizobium leguminosarum alone.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- single application of Burkolderia spp.e0
- Interactor
- Burkolderia spp.e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarum
Rhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont - Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- single application of Rhizobium leguminosarume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single application of Burkolderia spp. provides a better vegetative growth than single application of Rhizobium leguminosarum”
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AM fungi and Rhizobium leguminosarum gave the best growth and yield.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combined application of AM fungi with Rhizobium leguminosarume0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and harvested yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best results, in terms of growth and harvested yield, were still obtained by combined application of AM fungi with Rhizobium leguminosarum.”
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
This combination sustained grain weight at the nonsaline level.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- This combinatione0
- Outcome
- average grain weighte0
- Direction
- sustaine0
- Comparator
- non-saline plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This combination was able to sustain the average grain weight at the level of non-saline plants”
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
This combination increased yield relative to controls.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“provided a significantly higher yield than the control plants.”
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
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