Abstract
Sustainable plant production in soil polluted with heavy metals requires that novel strategies are developed for the benefit of humans and other living things. Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal pollutant for plants, and there is limited information on the use of exogenous bio-regulators to reduce the accumulation and toxic effects of Cd pollution in plants. Choline is an endogenous quertarnary amine that is known to improve stress tolerance in plants, while its mechanism of action in certain conditions is yet to be determined. This study investigated the effects of foliar choline supplementation (10 mM) on Solanum lycopersicum seedlings exposed to Cd application (50 mg/L in soil). The seedlings were randomized to five groups: Control (E1), Cd stress (E2), Choline supplementation after Cd stress (E3), Choline (E4), and Choline supplementation before Cd stress (E5). Following the applications, the Cd content, growth and development parameters (chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight), oxidative stress parameters (H2O2 and MDA contents), as well as antioxidative defense system (SOD, GSH, AsA, and TPC contents) were analyzed. Choline supplementation after Cd stress reduced the enhanced Cd content in roots by 38% but did not alter it in leaves (p > 0.05) compared to the Cd group. Choline supplementation before Cd stress decreased Cd content both in roots by 87.5% and in leaves by 50%. Choline supplementation after and before Cd stress increased fresh and dry weights in both roots and leaves. While the Cd group (E2) increased the H2O2 level and SOD activity, no remarkable change was observed in H2O2 levels in all choline supplementations (E3, E4, E5). Therefore, lipid peroxidation (MDA) was not observed in choline supplementation before Cd stress (E5), however, when the choline was applied after Cd stress (E3) MDA content was reduced by 40% compared with the Cd stress group (E2). Choline supplementations after and before Cd stress (E3, E5) increased AsA content by 30%, while the Cd group (E2) decreased it by 60% compared with the control group (E1). Choline supplementations before Cd stress (E5) increased TPC by 33%, while the Cd group (E2) decreased it by 18%, moreover, when choline was applied after Cd stress (E3), no change was observed compared to the control group. These data suggest that choline prevents inhibition of plant growth due to Cd toxicity by reducing Cd uptake. The results provided in the present study are likely to enhance the quality and efficiency of crop production in heavy metal-polluted areas.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Choline after Cd stress reduced root Cd content by 38% versus Cd alone.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Choline supplementation after Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd content in rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- Cd groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementation after Cd stress reduced the enhanced Cd content in roots by 38% but did not alter it in leaves (p > 0.05) compared to the Cd group”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline after Cd stress did not significantly alter leaf Cd content.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Choline supplementation after Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- leavese0
- Direction
- did not altere0
- Comparator
- Cd groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementation after Cd stress reduced the enhanced Cd content in roots by 38% but did not alter it in leaves (p > 0.05) compared to the Cd group”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline before Cd stress decreased root Cd content by 87.5%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Choline supplementation before Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd content both in rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 87.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementation before Cd stress decreased Cd content both in roots by 87.5% and in leaves by 50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline before Cd stress decreased leaf Cd content by 50%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Choline supplementation before Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- leavese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementation before Cd stress decreased Cd content both in roots by 87.5% and in leaves by 50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline after Cd stress increased fresh and dry weights of roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Choline supplementation aftere0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights in both roots and leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementation after and before Cd stress increased fresh and dry weights in both roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline before Cd stress increased fresh and dry weights of roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- before Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights in both roots and leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementation after and before Cd stress increased fresh and dry weights in both roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased H2O2 level and SOD activity.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cd group (E2)e0
- Outcome
- H2O2 level and SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“the Cd group (E2) increased the H2O2 level and SOD activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline supplementation did not markedly change H2O2 levels.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all choline supplementations (E3, E4, E5)e0
- Outcome
- H2O2 levelse0
- Direction
- no remarkable changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“no remarkable change was observed in H2O2 levels in all choline supplementations (E3, E4, E5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline before Cd stress prevented observable lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- choline supplementation before Cd stress (E5)e0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation (MDA)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“lipid peroxidation (MDA) was not observed in choline supplementation before Cd stress (E5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline after Cd stress reduced MDA content by 40% versus Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- choline was applied after Cd stress (E3)e0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- Cd stress group (E2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“when the choline was applied after Cd stress (E3) MDA content was reduced by 40% compared with the Cd stress group (E2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline after Cd stress increased AsA content by 30%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Choline supplementations aftere0
- Outcome
- AsA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementations after and before Cd stress (E3, E5) increased AsA content by 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline before Cd stress increased AsA content by 30%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- before Cd stress (E3, E5)e0
- Outcome
- AsA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementations after and before Cd stress (E3, E5) increased AsA content by 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress decreased AsA content by 60% versus control.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cd group (E2)e0
- Outcome
- ite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- control group (E1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“the Cd group (E2) decreased it by 60% compared with the control group (E1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline before Cd stress increased TPC by 33%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Choline supplementations before Cd stress (E5)e0
- Outcome
- TPCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“Choline supplementations before Cd stress (E5) increased TPC by 33%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress decreased TPC by 18%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cd group (E2)e0
- Outcome
- ite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“the Cd group (E2) decreased it by 18%”
Claim · model-written summary
Choline after Cd stress did not change TPC relative to control.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- choline was applied after Cd stress (E3)e0
- Outcome
- no changee0
- Direction
- no changee0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum seedlings”
e0“when choline was applied after Cd stress (E3), no change was observed compared to the control group”
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See all 18 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.