Abstract
Melatonin has been found to be crucial in the growth and development of plants under stress conditions. In this study, the effects of melatonin and nano melatonin regarding the growth and development of tomato plants, along with their photosynthetic pigment, phenol, and antioxidant activity, were investigated under saline conditions. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications, and the applied treatments were salt stress and foliar spraying of melatonin at a concentration of 0 (control), melatonin (Mel), and nano capsule-melatonin (Nano-Mel) at 500 µM. Salinity treatments included application of sodium chloride with two concentration of 0 mM NaCl (S1) and 50 mM NaCl (S2). Under saline conditions, Mel and Nano-Mel increased both shoot and root fresh and dry weights, improved relative water content (RWC), and enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Salinity elevated leaf ABA content, unaffected by Mel or Nano-Mel. Chlorophyll fluorescence and SPAD values demonstrated resilience to salinity with Mel and Nano-Mel applications. Nano-Mel notably mitigated Na + accumulation in leaves under salinity, helping maintain K + homeostasis. Proline levels rise due to salinity but decreased with Mel and Nano-Mel treatments. Electrolyte leakage (EL) increased under salinity but is significantly reduced by Mel, indicating enhanced membrane stability. The findings reveal that salinity stress significantly reduced plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) expression in roots and leaves, whereas Mel and Nano-Mel treatments enhance PIP expression, particularly in roots. The study concludes that Mel and Nano-Mel effectively alleviate salinity-induced stress, promoting growth and maintaining physiological homeostasis in tomato plants.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Mel increased shoot and root fresh and dry weights under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Mele0
- Outcome
- shoot and root fresh and dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Under saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, Mel and Nano-Mel increased both shoot and root fresh and dry weights, improved relative water content (RWC), and enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mel improved relative water content (RWC) under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mele0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- Under saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, Mel and Nano-Mel increased both shoot and root fresh and dry weights, improved relative water content (RWC), and enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mel enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mele0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity and phenolic contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- Under saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, Mel and Nano-Mel increased both shoot and root fresh and dry weights, improved relative water content (RWC), and enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel increased shoot and root fresh and dry weights under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- shoot and root fresh and dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Under saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, Mel and Nano-Mel increased both shoot and root fresh and dry weights, improved relative water content (RWC), and enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel improved relative water content (RWC) under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- Under saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, Mel and Nano-Mel increased both shoot and root fresh and dry weights, improved relative water content (RWC), and enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity and phenolic contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- Under saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, Mel and Nano-Mel increased both shoot and root fresh and dry weights, improved relative water content (RWC), and enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mel maintained chlorophyll fluorescence and SPAD values under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mele0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll fluorescence and SPAD valuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll fluorescence and SPAD values demonstrated resilience to salinity with Mel and Nano-Mel applications.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel maintained chlorophyll fluorescence and SPAD values under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll fluorescence and SPAD valuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll fluorescence and SPAD values demonstrated resilience to salinity with Mel and Nano-Mel applications.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity elevated leaf ABA content in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- leaf ABA contente0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity elevated leaf ABA content, unaffected by Mel or Nano-Mel.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity rise Proline levels in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Proline levelse0
- Direction
- risee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline levels rise due to salinity but decreased with Mel and Nano-Mel treatments.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased Electrolyte leakage (EL) in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electrolyte leakage (EL) increased under salinity but is significantly reduced by Mel, indicating enhanced membrane stability.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) expression in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) expressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress significantly reduced plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) expression in roots and leaves”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mel decreased proline levels under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mele0
- Outcome
- Proline levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline levels rise due to salinity but decreased with Mel and Nano-Mel treatments.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel decreased proline levels under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- Proline levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline levels rise due to salinity but decreased with Mel and Nano-Mel treatments.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel mitigated leaf Na + accumulation under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- Na + accumulatione0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nano-Mel notably mitigated Na + accumulation in leaves under salinity, helping maintain K + homeostasis.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel helped maintain K + homeostasis under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- K + homeostasise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nano-Mel notably mitigated Na + accumulation in leaves under salinity, helping maintain K + homeostasis.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mel significantly reduced electrolyte leakage under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mele0
- Outcome
- Electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electrolyte leakage (EL) increased under salinity but is significantly reduced by Mel, indicating enhanced membrane stability.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mel enhanced PIP expression, particularly in roots.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mele0
- Outcome
- PIP expressione0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mel and Nano-Mel treatments enhance PIP expression, particularly in roots.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-Mel enhanced PIP expression, particularly in roots.
- Taxon
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Nano-Mele0
- Outcome
- PIP expressione0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mel and Nano-Mel treatments enhance PIP expression, particularly in roots.”
t0“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.