Abstract
Salt stress can seriously affect the growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.), resulting in a great yield loss. Melatonin (MT), an indole hormone, is a potential enhancer of plant tolerance against salt stress. However, the complex mechanisms of MT application in enhancing maize salt tolerance are still unclear. Herein, three-leaf seedlings of salt-susceptible P138 and its salt-resistant ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-104 mutant were cultured with or without 150 μM MT application under 0 and 100 mM Na2CO3 treatments for seven days, to systematically explore the response mechanisms of exogenous MT in improving the salt tolerance of maize. The results showed that salt stress triggered an escalation in reactive oxygen species production, enhanced multiple antioxidant enzymes’ activities, impaired cellular membrane permeability, inhibited photosynthetic pigment accumulation, and ultimately undermined the vigor and photosynthetic prowess of the seedlings. While suitable MT application counteracted the detrimental impacts of Na2CO3 on seedlings’ growth and photosynthetic capacity, the seedling length and net photosynthetic rate of P138 and EMS-104 were increased by 5.5% and 18.7%, and 12.7% and 54.5%, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further showed that MT application activated the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (Zm00001d025106, Zm00001d031908, Zm00001d027511, and Zm00001d040364) and pigment biosynthesis-related genes (Zm00001d011819 and Zm00001d017766) in both maize seedlings under Na2CO3 stress; they then formed a complex interaction network of gene expression, multiple physiological metabolisms, and phenotype changes to influence the salt tolerance of maize seedlings under MT or Na2CO3 stress. To sum up, these observations underscore that 150 μM MT can alleviate salt injury of maize seedlings, which may provide new insights for further investigating MT regulation mechanisms to enhance maize seedlings’ salt resistance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Na2CO3 stress escalated reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species production, enhanced multiple antioxidant enzymes’ activitiese0
- Direction
- escalatione0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress triggered an escalation in reactive oxygen species production, enhanced multiple antioxidant enzymes’ activities”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress impaired membrane permeability and inhibited photosynthetic pigment accumulation.
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- cellular membrane permeability, inhibited photosynthetic pigment accumulatione0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impaired cellular membrane permeability, inhibited photosynthetic pigment accumulation”
t0“Maize”
e1“salt stress triggered an escalation”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress undermined seedling vigor and photosynthetic performance.
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- vigor and photosynthetic prowess of the seedlingse0
- Direction
- underminede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ultimately undermined the vigor and photosynthetic prowess of the seedlings”
t0“Maize”
e1“salt stress triggered an escalation”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased P138 seedling length by 5.5% under Na2CO3 stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seedling length and net photosynthetic rate of P138 and EMS-104 were increased by 5.5% and 18.7%, and 12.7% and 54.5%, respectively”
t0“Maize”
e1“suitable MT application counteracted the detrimental impacts of Na2CO3”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased P138 net photosynthetic rate by 18.7%.
- Material
- P138e0
- Treatment
- MT applicatione1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seedling length and net photosynthetic rate of P138 and EMS-104 were increased by 5.5% and 18.7%, and 12.7% and 54.5%, respectively”
t0“Maize”
e1“suitable MT application counteracted the detrimental impacts of Na2CO3”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased EMS-104 seedling length by 12.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seedling length and net photosynthetic rate of P138 and EMS-104 were increased by 5.5% and 18.7%, and 12.7% and 54.5%, respectively”
t0“Maize”
e1“suitable MT application counteracted the detrimental impacts of Na2CO3”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased EMS-104 net photosynthetic rate by 54.5%.
- Material
- EMS-104e0
- Treatment
- MT applicatione1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 54.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seedling length and net photosynthetic rate of P138 and EMS-104 were increased by 5.5% and 18.7%, and 12.7% and 54.5%, respectively”
t0“Maize”
e1“suitable MT application counteracted the detrimental impacts of Na2CO3”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin activated expression of four antioxidant-enzyme-related genes under Na2CO3 stress.
- Treatment
- MT applicatione0
- Gene
- Zm00001d025106, Zm00001d031908, Zm00001d027511, and Zm00001d040364e0
- Outcome
- expression levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genese0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT application activated the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (Zm00001d025106, Zm00001d031908, Zm00001d027511, and Zm00001d040364)”
e1“maize seedlings under Na2CO3 stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin activated expression of two pigment-biosynthesis genes under Na2CO3 stress.
- Treatment
- MT applicatione0
- Gene
- Zm00001d011819 and Zm00001d017766e0
- Outcome
- pigment biosynthesis-related genese0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT application activated the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (Zm00001d025106, Zm00001d031908, Zm00001d027511, and Zm00001d040364) and pigment biosynthesis-related genes (Zm00001d011819 and Zm00001d017766)”
e1“maize seedlings under Na2CO3 stress”
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