Abstract
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) promotes adventitious root (AR) formation in apple stem cuttings. However, evidence for the possible involvement of cytokinin (CK) in KNO3-mediated AR formation in apples is still lacking. In this study, we used GL-3 apple microshoots and cultured them in different treatment combinations. T1 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + 6-benzyl adenine, 6-BA 2.22 μmol L-1) and T3 (6-BA 2.22 μmol L-1) treatments completely inhibited AR formation. However, control, T2 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1), and T4 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1) treatments developed ARs. But T4 developed fewer and shorter ARs, indicating that optimum CK synthesis was needed for normal AR growth. This also suggests that these fewer and shorter ARs were developed because of the KNO3 presence in the same medium. The stem basal part anatomy indicated that inhibition of CK biosynthesis delayed AR primordia formation. The endogenous levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) were higher in T2-treated microshoots, and abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), and brassinosteroid (BR) levels were higher in T4-treated microshoots. The expression levels of MdNRT1.1 and MdNRT2.1 were higher in T2-treated microshoots at 3 and 8 days, and MdRR2 and MdCKX5 were higher at 8 and 16 days, respectively. Furthermore, higher IAA levels increased MdWOX11 expression, which in turn increased MdLBD16 and MdLBD29 expressions in response to T2. The combined expression of these genes stimulated adventitious rooting by upregulating cell cycle-related genes (MdCYCD1;1 and MdCYCD3;1) in response to T2-treated microshoots. This study shows that specific genes and hormonal pathways contribute to KNO3-CK-mediated adventitious rooting in apples.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate plus 6-BA completely inhibited adventitious root formation.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + 6-benzyl adenine, 6-BA 2.22 μmol L-1e0
- Outcome
- AR formatione0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T1 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + 6-benzyl adenine, 6-BA 2.22 μmol L-1) and T3 (6-BA 2.22 μmol L-1) treatments completely inhibited AR formation”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
6-BA alone completely inhibited adventitious root formation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 6-BA 2.22 μmol L-1e0
- Outcome
- AR formatione0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T3 (6-BA 2.22 μmol L-1) treatments completely inhibited AR formation”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Control microshoots developed adventitious roots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- developed ARse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control, T2 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1), and T4 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1) treatments developed ARs”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate treated microshoots developed adventitious roots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1e0
- Outcome
- developed ARse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T2 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1), and T4 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1) treatments developed ARs”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate plus lovastatin treated microshoots developed adventitious roots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1e0
- Outcome
- developed ARse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1) treatments developed ARs”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate plus lovastatin produced fewer and shorter roots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1e1
- Outcome
- ARse0
- Direction
- fewer and shortere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“But T4 developed fewer and shorter ARs”
e1“T4 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1) treatments developed ARs”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting cytokinin biosynthesis delayed root primordia formation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inhibition of CK biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- AR primordia formatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of CK biosynthesis delayed AR primordia formation”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA and ZR levels were higher in nitrate treated microshoots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1e1
- Outcome
- endogenous levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The endogenous levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) were higher in T2-treated microshoots”
e1“T2 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA, GA3 and BR levels were higher with nitrate plus lovastatin.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1e1
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), and brassinosteroid (BR) levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), and brassinosteroid (BR) levels were higher in T4-treated microshoots”
e1“T4 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1 + lovastatin, Lov 1.24 μmol L-1)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdNRT1.1 and MdNRT2.1 expression was higher after nitrate at 3 and 8 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1e1
- Outcome
- expression levels of MdNRT1.1 and MdNRT2.1e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- at 3 and 8 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression levels of MdNRT1.1 and MdNRT2.1 were higher in T2-treated microshoots at 3 and 8 days”
e1“T2 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdRR2 expression was higher after nitrate at 8 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1e1
- Outcome
- MdRR2e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 8 and 16 days, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdRR2 and MdCKX5 were higher at 8 and 16 days, respectively”
e1“T2 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdCKX5 expression was higher after nitrate at 16 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1e1
- Outcome
- MdCKX5e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 8 and 16 days, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdRR2 and MdCKX5 were higher at 8 and 16 days, respectively”
e1“T2 (KNO3 9.4 mmol L-1)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher IAA increased MdWOX11 expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- MdWOX11 expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher IAA levels increased MdWOX11 expression”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdWOX11 increased MdLBD16 and MdLBD29 expression in nitrate treated shoots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdWOX11e1
- Outcome
- MdLBD16 and MdLBD29 expressionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which in turn increased MdLBD16 and MdLBD29 expressions in response to T2”
e1“higher IAA levels increased MdWOX11 expression”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
These genes stimulated rooting by upregulating cell cycle genes.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdCYCD1;1 and MdCYCD3;1e0
- Outcome
- adventitious rootinge0
- Qualifier
- upregulating cell cycle-related genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined expression of these genes stimulated adventitious rooting by upregulating cell cycle-related genes (MdCYCD1;1 and MdCYCD3;1) in response to T2-treated microshoots”
t0“apple”
The same questions in other papers
N-benzyladenine · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 40 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
53 papers more in this group
See all 57 papers →potassium nitrate · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →class · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 38 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
42 papers more in this group
See all 46 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.