Abstract
Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) constitute a large family in most plant species, but relatively few of them have been implicated in immunity. To identify and characterize PP2C phosphatases that affect tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity, we generated loss-of-function mutations in 11 PP2C-encoding genes whose expression is altered in response to immune elicitors or pathogens. We report that 2 closely related PP2C phosphatases, PP2C immunity-associated candidate 3 (Pic3) and Pic12, are involved in regulating resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Loss-of-function mutations in Pic3 led to enhanced resistance to Pst in older but not younger leaves, whereas such mutations in Pic12 resulted in enhanced resistance in both older and younger leaves. Overexpression of Pic3 and Pic12 proteins in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited resistance to Pst, and this effect was dependent on Pic3/12 phosphatase activity and an N-terminal palmitoylation motif associated with localization to the cell periphery. Pic3, but not Pic12, had a slight negative effect on flagellin-associated reactive oxygen species generation, although their involvement in the response to Pst appeared independent of flagellin. RNA-sequencing analysis of Rio Grande (RG)-PtoR wild-type plants and 2 independent RG-pic3 mutants revealed that the enhanced disease resistance in RG-pic3 older leaves is associated with increased transcript abundance of multiple defense-related genes. RG-pic3/RG-pic12 double-mutant plants exhibited stronger disease resistance than RG-pic3 or RG-pic12 single mutants. Together, our results reveal that Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate tomato immunity in an additive manner through flagellin-independent pathways.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Pic3 loss enhanced resistance to Pst in older tomato leaves but not younger leaves.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Organ / stage
- older but not younger leavese0
- Treatment
- Loss-of-function mutations in Pic3e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe2pathogen - Gene
- Pic3e0
- Outcome
- resistance to Pste0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss-of-function mutations in Pic3 led to enhanced resistance to Pst in older but not younger leaves”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity”
e2“bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pic12 loss enhanced Pst resistance in older and younger tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- both older and younger leavese0
- Treatment
- mutations in Pic12e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoPseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe2pathogen
- Gene
- Pic12e0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutations in Pic12 resulted in enhanced resistance in both older and younger leaves”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity”
e2“bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of Pic3 inhibited Pst resistance in Nicotiana leaves.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of Pic3e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoPseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe1pathogen
- Gene
- Pic3e0
- Outcome
- resistance to Pste0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of Pic3 and Pic12 proteins in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited resistance to Pst”
e1“bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of Pic12 inhibited Pst resistance in Nicotiana leaves.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of Pic3 and Pic12 proteinse0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoPseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe1pathogen
- Gene
- Pic12e0
- Outcome
- resistance to Pste0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of Pic3 and Pic12 proteins in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited resistance to Pst”
e1“bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pic3 slightly reduced flagellin associated reactive oxygen species generation; Pic12 did not.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Gene
- Pic3e0
- Outcome
- flagellin-associated reactive oxygen species generatione0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pic3, but not Pic12, had a slight negative effect on flagellin-associated reactive oxygen species generation”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced resistance of older RG-pic3 leaves was associated with increased defense gene transcripts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- RG-pic3e0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese0
- Outcome
- transcript abundance of multiple defense-related genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced disease resistance in RG-pic3 older leaves is associated with increased transcript abundance of multiple defense-related genes”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
RG-pic3/RG-pic12 double mutants had stronger disease resistance than either single mutant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- RG-pic3/RG-pic12 double-mutante0
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- RG-pic3 or RG-pic12 single mutantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RG-pic3/RG-pic12 double-mutant plants exhibited stronger disease resistance than RG-pic3 or RG-pic12 single mutants”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate tomato immunity additively through flagellin independent pathways.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Gene
- Pic3 and Pic12e0
- Outcome
- tomato immunitye0
- Direction
- negatively regulatee0
- Qualifier
- flagellin-independent pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate tomato immunity in an additive manner through flagellin-independent pathways”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.