Abstract
To test certain bio-rational insecticides against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus and cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus and their toxic effect on the population of ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus in the Manipur valley cabbage crop-ecosystem, a field trial was carried out during Rabi, 2022–23 at the Vegetable Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal. The mean extent of damage caused by P. xylostella and P. brassicae was high ranging from 62.67 to 88.34% and 83.33 to 92.11%, respectively, over the investigation period. The effectiveness of bio-rational pesticides against P. xylostella and P. brassicae was determined by the results of the insecticidal treatments, which showed a considerable reduction in the incidence of these pests. Malathion 50 EC applied @ 500 ml/ha witnessed the most effective insecticide against the diamondback moth, P. xylostella with a record of minimum mean leaf damage of 19.36% as against 50.08% in untreated control, closely followed by Greenracer (Beauveria bassiana) @ 1000 ml/ha (20.37%), and Neemajal (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/ha (22.37%) but, differed significantly from each other except with green racer. Among the phytoproducts, the plots treated with Neemajal (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @1000 ml/ha recorded the lowest DBM incidence (22.37% leaf damage) which was at par with Pestoneem (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/ha (24.57% leaf damage). Against P. brassicae also Malathion @ 500 ml/ha substantially recorded the lowest mean leaf damage of 22.67 vs 82.56% in the untreated check, followed by Greenracer with a record of 26.12% leaf damage, however, there were significant differences. Neemajal (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @1000 ml/ha was demonstrated to be the most effective treatment in reducing the pest incidence with the lowest mean leaf damage of 28.67% among the botanical insecticides field tested against cabbage butterfly butterflies. The highest mean leaf damage incidence (37.11% LD) was noticed in the plots treated with Pacer (Metarrhizum anisoplae) @ 1000 ml/ha. The efficacy of Pestoneem (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/ha, Multineem (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/ha and Neemta (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/ha was at par from each other recording mean leaf damage of 34.78, 35.56 and 36.89% respectivelyThe plots treated with Malathion @ 500 ml/ha yielded the highest mean cabbage yield (23.67 t/ha), with a maximum yield increase over control of 9.34 t/ha and 65.17%. These yield increases were non-significantly different from those of the Green Racer plots (22.67 t/ha), Neemajal (20.09 t/ha), Pestoneem (20.04 t/ha), Mutlineem (19.44 t/ha), and Neemta (19.32 t/ha), which yield increases of 8.34 t/ha, 5.76 t/ha, 5.71 t/ha, 5.11 t/ha, and 5.00 t/ha, respectively, whereas Pacer treated plots accrued significantly lowest cabbage yield of (18.43%) with a record of lowest yield increase over control of 4.1 t/ha and 28.61%. The avoidable yield loss was computed to be 40.82 percent in the untreated control plots. Application of insecticides resulted in a reduction of the mean avoidable yield loss, which ranges between 4.22 and 20.74 percent in different insecticidal treatments, the lowest being in Greenracer (Beauveria bassiana) and the highest in Pacer (Metarrhizum anisoplae). The net profit of the insecticidal treatments varied from Rs. 19595.60 (Pacer) to Rs. 35364.7 (Malathion 50 EC) with the cost: benefit ratios ranging between 1:11 to 1:46, the minimum and maximum being with Neemajal and Green Racer, respectively. The results on the toxic effect of insecticides on the population of C. septempunctata indicated that the minimum mean population (0.52 beetles/plant) was recorded from Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml/ha treated plots which were at par with Neemta (Azadirachtin 300ppm) (0.84 beetles/plant), Multineem (Azadirachtin 300ppm) (0.90 beetles/plant) and Pestoneem (Azadirachtin 1500ppm) (0.93 beetles/plant), respectively. However, the maximum population of beetles (1.39 beetles /plant) was marked in the plots of Greenracer which did not differ significantly from the rest of the insecticidal treatments.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
P. xylostella caused 62.67 to 88.34% damage.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatat0 - Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- damage caused by P. xylostellae0
- Value
- 62.67 to 88.34%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage caused by P. xylostella and P. brassicae was high ranging from 62.67 to 88.34% and 83.33 to 92.11%, respectively”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
P. brassicae caused 83.33 to 92.11% damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Interactor
- P. brassicae
_Pieris_brassicae_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female.jpg?width=60)
Pieris brassicaee0pest - Outcome
- damage caused by P. xylostella and P. brassicaee0
- Value
- 83.33 to 92.11%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pieris_brassicae_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“damage caused by P. xylostella and P. brassicae was high ranging from 62.67 to 88.34% and 83.33 to 92.11%, respectively”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion gave minimum diamondback moth leaf damage of 19.36%, against 50.08% untreated.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Malathion 50 EC applied @ 500 ml/hae0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- mean leaf damagee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 19.36%e0
- Qualifier
- 50.08%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malathion 50 EC applied @ 500 ml/ha witnessed the most effective insecticide against the diamondback moth, P. xylostella with a record of minimum mean leaf damage of 19.36% as against 50.08% in untreated control”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenracer gave 20.37% diamondback moth leaf damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Greenracer (Beauveria bassiana) @ 1000 ml/hae0
- Interactor
- Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassianae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mean leaf damagee1
- Value
- 20.37%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“closely followed by Greenracer (Beauveria bassiana) @ 1000 ml/ha (20.37%)”
e1“minimum mean leaf damage of 19.36% as against 50.08% in untreated control”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Neemajal gave 22.37% diamondback moth leaf damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Neemajal (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/hae0
- Outcome
- mean leaf damagee1
- Value
- 22.37%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neemajal (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/ha (22.37%)”
e1“minimum mean leaf damage of 19.36% as against 50.08% in untreated control”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pestoneem had 24.57% diamondback moth leaf damage, at par with Neemajal.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Pestoneem (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/hae0
- Outcome
- leaf damagee0
- Value
- 24.57%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pestoneem (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/ha (24.57% leaf damage)”
e1“at par with Pestoneem”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion produced 22.67% butterfly leaf damage versus 82.56% untreated.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Malathion @ 500 ml/hae0
- Interactor
- P. brassicaePieris brassicaee1pest
- Outcome
- mean leaf damagee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 22.67e0
- Qualifier
- 82.56%e0
- Comparator
- untreated checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malathion @ 500 ml/ha substantially recorded the lowest mean leaf damage of 22.67 vs 82.56% in the untreated check”
e1“Against P. brassicae also”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenracer yielded 26.12% butterfly leaf damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Greenracere0
- Interactor
- P. brassicaePieris brassicaee1pest
- Outcome
- leaf damagee0
- Value
- 26.12%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by Greenracer with a record of 26.12% leaf damage”
e1“Against P. brassicae also”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Neemajal was the most effective botanical insecticide against cabbage butterfly, with 28.67% leaf damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Neemajal (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @1000 ml/hae0
- Interactor
- cabbage butterflyPieris brassicaee0pest
- Outcome
- mean leaf damagee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 28.67%e0
- Comparator
- botanical insecticidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neemajal (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @1000 ml/ha was demonstrated to be the most effective treatment in reducing the pest incidence with the lowest mean leaf damage of 28.67% among the botanical insecticides field tested against cabbage butterfly butterflies”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pacer plots had highest butterfly leaf damage, 37.11%.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Pacer (Metarrhizum anisoplae) @ 1000 ml/hae0
- Interactor
- Metarrhizum anisoplaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mean leaf damage incidencee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 37.11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest mean leaf damage incidence (37.11% LD) was noticed in the plots treated with Pacer (Metarrhizum anisoplae) @ 1000 ml/ha”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pestoneem gave 34.78% leaf damage and was at par with Multineem and Neemta.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Pestoneem (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/hae0
- Outcome
- mean leaf damagee0
- Value
- 34.78e0
- Comparator
- Multineeme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacy of Pestoneem (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1000 ml/ha, Multineem (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/ha and Neemta (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/ha was at par from each other recording mean leaf damage of 34.78, 35.56 and 36.89% respectively”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Multineem gave 35.56% leaf damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Multineem (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/hae0
- Outcome
- mean leaf damagee0
- Value
- 35.56e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multineem (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/ha and Neemta (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/ha was at par from each other recording mean leaf damage of 34.78, 35.56 and 36.89% respectively”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Neemta gave 36.89% leaf damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Neemta (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/hae0
- Outcome
- mean leaf damagee0
- Value
- 36.89%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neemta (Azadirachtin 300ppm) @1500ml/ha was at par from each other recording mean leaf damage of 34.78, 35.56 and 36.89% respectively”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion gave highest cabbage yield of 23.67 t/ha, an increase of 9.34 t/ha or 65.17% over control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- Malathion @ 500 ml/hae0
- Outcome
- mean cabbage yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 23.67 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 9.34 t/ha and 65.17%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malathion @ 500 ml/ha yielded the highest mean cabbage yield (23.67 t/ha), with a maximum yield increase over control of 9.34 t/ha and 65.17%”
Claim · model-written summary
Green Racer gave 22.67 t/ha cabbage yield.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Green Racere0
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde1
- Value
- 22.67 t/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Green Racer plots (22.67 t/ha)”
e1“highest mean cabbage yield”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Neemajal gave 20.09 t/ha cabbage yield.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Neemajale0
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde1
- Value
- 20.09 t/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neemajal (20.09 t/ha)”
e1“highest mean cabbage yield”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pestoneem gave 20.04 t/ha cabbage yield.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Pestoneeme0
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde1
- Value
- 20.04 t/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pestoneem (20.04 t/ha)”
e1“highest mean cabbage yield”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutlineem gave 19.44 t/ha cabbage yield.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Mutlineeme0
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde1
- Value
- 19.44 t/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutlineem (19.44 t/ha)”
e1“highest mean cabbage yield”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Neemta gave 19.32 t/ha cabbage yield.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Neemtae0
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde1
- Value
- 19.32 t/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neemta (19.32 t/ha)”
e1“highest mean cabbage yield”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pacer had the lowest reported cabbage yield and lowest increase over control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- Pacere0
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 18.43%e0
- Qualifier
- 4.1 t/ha and 28.61%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pacer treated plots accrued significantly lowest cabbage yield of (18.43%) with a record of lowest yield increase over control of 4.1 t/ha and 28.61%”
The same questions in other papers
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malathion · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
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malathion · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.