Abstract
The research on carbon materials and plants primarily focuses on their use in soil, showing variable effects. However, significant gaps exist regarding their impact under stress conditions (such as drought, salinity, etc.) and their interactions with plant physiological processes. Long-term effects on plant health and ecosystems are understudied, as are their interactions with other biofertilizers like algae extracts and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of seaweed extracts and PGPR on plant growth and some physio-biochemical properties of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Two concentrations of aqueous extract from two seaweeds, Fucus spiralis (F) and Ulva rigida (U), and the PGPR bacillus strain solution S48 (S48S) were used either individually or in combination. All treatments were applied as foliar sprays. The findings showed that the combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S) promoted plant growth (50.93 cm for faba bean) and root development (17.90 cm for wheat). This treatment also resulted in increased chlorophyll content (3.25 mg/g Fresh Weight (FW) in soft wheat and 3.93 mg/g FW in faba bean), proteins (14.66 µg/mg FW in soft wheat and 23.79 µg/mg FW in faba bean), amino acids (0.46 mg/g FW in soft wheat and 0.56 mg/g FW in faba bean), and total carbohydrates (529.8 µg/ml in soft wheat and 340.7 µg/ml in faba bean) as compared to controls. On the other hand, the nitrate reductase activity was enhanced by seaweed extract application in both crops. Phosphorus (P) uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved following the application of Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S), and the co-treatment of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F) with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S). The findings suggest that the combined application of Fucus spiralis extract (F) and Ulva rigida extract (U) with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S) can significantly improve plant growth and nutrient absorption in durum wheat and faba bean. This offers a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, reducing pollution and promoting healthier ecosystems. Furthermore, these biological treatments enhance plant resilience to abiotic stresses, potentially increasing yields in challenging conditions. By reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers, these practices can save money for farmers and advance sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application of Fucus spiralis extract, Ulva rigida extract and PGPR S48 promoted plant growth in faba bean (50.93 cm).
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae2 - Treatment
- combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e1
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine1other
- Outcome
- plant growthe2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Value
- 50.93 cme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“promoted plant growth (50.93 cm for faba bean)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application of Fucus spiralis extract, Ulva rigida extract and PGPR S48 promoted root development in wheat (17.90 cm).
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e1
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine1other
- Outcome
- root developmente2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Value
- 17.90 cme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“promoted plant growth (50.93 cm for faba bean) and root development (17.90 cm for wheat)”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased chlorophyll content in soft wheat (3.25 mg/g FW) compared with controls.
- Taxon
- soft wheate2
- Treatment
- combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e1
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine1other
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 3.25 mg/g Fresh Weight (FW)e2
- Comparator
- controlse4
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“chlorophyll content (3.25 mg/g Fresh Weight (FW) in soft wheat”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased chlorophyll content in faba bean (3.93 mg/g FW) compared with controls.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e1
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine1other
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 3.93 mg/g FWe2
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“chlorophyll content (3.25 mg/g Fresh Weight (FW) in soft wheat and 3.93 mg/g FW in faba bean”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased protein content in soft wheat (14.66 ug/mg FW) compared with controls.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“proteins (14.66 µg/mg FW in soft wheat”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased protein content in faba bean (23.79 ug/mg FW) compared with controls.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e1
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine1other
- Outcome
- proteinse2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 23.79 µg/mg FWe2
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“proteins (14.66 µg/mg FW in soft wheat and 23.79 µg/mg FW in faba bean”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased amino acids in soft wheat (0.46 mg/g FW) compared with controls.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“amino acids (0.46 mg/g FW in soft wheat”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased amino acids in faba bean (0.56 mg/g FW) compared with controls.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e1
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine1other
- Outcome
- amino acidse2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 0.56 mg/g FWe2
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“amino acids (0.46 mg/g FW in soft wheat and 0.56 mg/g FW in faba bean”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased total carbohydrates in soft wheat (529.8 ug/ml) compared with controls.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“total carbohydrates (529.8 µg/ml in soft wheat”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
the combined application of Fucus spiralis, Ulva rigida extracts and PGPR S48 bacillus strain increased total carbohydrates in faba bean (340.7 ug/ml) compared with controls.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e1
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine1other
- Outcome
- total carbohydratese2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 340.7 µg/mle2
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“combined application of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F), Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U), along with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
e2“total carbohydrates (529.8 µg/ml in soft wheat and 340.7 µg/ml in faba bean”
e3“This treatment also resulted in increased”
e4“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reductase activity was enhanced by seaweed extract application in both soft wheat and faba bean.
- Taxon
- Soft Wheat and Faba Beant0
- Treatment
- seaweed extract applicatione1
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the nitrate reductase activity was enhanced by seaweed extract application in both crops”
t0“Soft Wheat and Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved by Ulva rigida extract [50%].
- Taxon
- soft wheat and faba beane1
- Treatment
- application of Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U)e2
- Outcome
- Phosphorus (P) uptakee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Phosphorus (P) uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved”
e2“application of Ulva rigida extract [50%] (U)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved by the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution.
- Taxon
- soft wheat and faba beane1
- Treatment
- the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e2
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine2other
- Outcome
- Phosphorus (P) uptakee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Phosphorus (P) uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved”
e2“(U), the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S), and the co-treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved by the co-treatment of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution.
- Taxon
- soft wheat and faba beane1
- Treatment
- the co-treatment of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F) with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)e2
- Interactor
- PGPR S48 bacillus straine2other
- Outcome
- Phosphorus (P) uptakee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Phosphorus (P) uptake by soft wheat and faba bean was significantly improved”
e2“the co-treatment of Fucus spiralis extract [25%] (F) with the PGPR S48 bacillus strain solution (S48S)”
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See all 41 papers →8 of 22 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.