Abstract
Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) has long been vital to Cuban agriculture, with its products renowned for their quality. Cuban tobacco is grown in soils with a long history of continuous farming using traditional fertilization methods characterized by recommended doses of mineral fertilizers. This study aims to improve the nutrition resource strategy in tobacco cultivation to ensure high yields of superior-grade tobacco leaves with adequate quality and increase fertilization efficiency. With this goal, a field experiment evaluated the traditional method of fallow with alternatives of nutrient supply systems for the production of black tobacco in Ultic Paleustalf soils. The experiment utilized Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4) as a preceding green manure, combined with successive mineral fertilizations for tobacco during four growing seasons in a randomized block design with factorial arrangement. Canavalia presented a positive response to mycorrhizal inoculation, significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively. A biplot analysis established a strong relationship between the biomass and mycorrhizal performance of Canavalia and the growth, yield, and mycorrhizal colonization of tobacco. The results indicate that inoculated Canavalia enhances mycorrhizal performance in successional tobacco, with Can+AMF significantly increasing mycorrhization of tobacco roots by (110.06%). Moreover, the combination of Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose consistently produced the highest tobacco yields (42.06%), growth, and mycorrhizal activity across the four years while maintaining satisfactory combustibility. In this nutrition supply system, variations of the recommended fertilizer dose significantly decreased the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. After four growing seasons using Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculations, soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and pH increased slightly without decreasing available phosphorus and potassium contents. Consequently, we conclude that Canavalia ensiformis , with an inoculum based on the Glomus cubense strain and 75% of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers, provides an enhanced nutrition alternative system for black tobacco production.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation of Canavalia increased its dry biomass by 87.34%.
- Taxon
- Canavalia ensiformis
Canavalia ensiformise2 - Treatment
- Cane1
- Interactor
- Glomus cubenseGlomus cubensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- dry biomass productione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 87.34%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively”
e2“Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation of Canavalia (Can+AMF) increased its dry biomass by 129.96%.
- Taxon
- Canavalia ensiformisCanavalia ensiformise2
- Treatment
- Can+AMFe1
- Interactor
- Glomus cubenseGlomus cubensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- dry biomass productione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 129.96%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively”
e2“Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization of Canavalia roots increased by 26.90% with Can treatment.
- Taxon
- Canavalia ensiformisCanavalia ensiformise2
- Treatment
- Cane1
- Interactor
- Glomus cubenseGlomus cubensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonizatione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 26.90%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively”
e2“Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization of Canavalia increased by 103.66% with Can+AMF treatment.
- Taxon
- Canavalia ensiformisCanavalia ensiformise2
- Treatment
- Can+AMFe1
- Interactor
- Glomus cubenseGlomus cubensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonizatione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 103.66%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively”
e2“Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore production of Glomus cubense rose by 26.79% in Canavalia with Can treatment.
- Taxon
- Canavalia ensiformisCanavalia ensiformise2
- Treatment
- Cane1
- Interactor
- Glomus cubenseGlomus cubensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- spore productione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 26.79%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively”
e2“Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore production of Glomus cubense rose by 52.52% in Canavalia with Can+AMF treatment.
- Taxon
- Canavalia ensiformisCanavalia ensiformise2
- Treatment
- Can+AMFe1
- Interactor
- Glomus cubenseGlomus cubensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- spore productione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 52.52%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively”
e2“Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass and mycorrhizal performance of Canavalia have a strong relationship with growth, yield and mycorrhizal colonization of tobacco.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacum
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- biomass and mycorrhizal performance of Canavaliae4
- Outcome
- growth, yield, and mycorrhizal colonization of tobaccoe4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e4“A biplot analysis established a strong relationship between the biomass and mycorrhizal performance of Canavalia and the growth, yield, and mycorrhizal colonization of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco yield was highest with Can inoculated with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose, at 42.06%.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dosee5
- Outcome
- tobacco yieldse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 42.06%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e5“the combination of Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose consistently produced the highest tobacco yields (42.06%), growth, and mycorrhizal activity across the four years while maintaining satisfactory combustibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco growth and mycorrhizal activity were highest with Can inoculated with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dosee5
- Outcome
- growth, and mycorrhizal activitye5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e5“the combination of Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose consistently produced the highest tobacco yields (42.06%), growth, and mycorrhizal activity across the four years while maintaining satisfactory combustibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Variations of the recommended fertilizer dose significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization of tobacco.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- variations of the recommended fertilizer dosee7
- Outcome
- percentage of mycorrhizal colonizatione7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Comparator
- recommended fertilizer dosee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e7“variations of the recommended fertilizer dose significantly decreased the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
After four seasons, soil organic matter and exchangeable calcium and magnesium increased slightly under Can+AMF and Canavalia without inoculation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculationse3
- Outcome
- soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesiume3
- Direction
- increased slightlye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e3“After four growing seasons using Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculations, soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and pH increased slightly without decreasing available phosphorus and potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH increased slightly after four seasons under Can+AMF and Canavalia without inoculation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculationse3
- Outcome
- pHe3
- Direction
- increased slightlye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e3“After four growing seasons using Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculations, soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and pH increased slightly without decreasing available phosphorus and potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Available phosphorus and potassium contents did not decrease after four seasons under Can+AMF and Canavalia without inoculation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculationse3
- Outcome
- available phosphorus and potassium contentse3
- Direction
- without decreasinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e3“After four growing seasons using Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculations, soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and pH increased slightly without decreasing available phosphorus and potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Can+AMF significantly increased mycorrhization of tobacco roots by 110.06%.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse6
- Treatment
- Can+AMFe6
- Outcome
- mycorrhization of tobacco rootse6
- Direction
- increasinge6
- Value
- 110.06%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e6“Can+AMF significantly increasing mycorrhization of tobacco roots by (110.06%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Can with AMF and 75% recommended mineral fertilizer treatment maintained satisfactory tobacco combustibility.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dosee5
- Outcome
- combustibilitye5
- Qualifier
- satisfactorye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.)”
e5“the combination of Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose consistently produced the highest tobacco yields (42.06%), growth, and mycorrhizal activity across the four years while maintaining satisfactory combustibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Canavalia ensiformis with Glomus cubense inoculum and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilizer dose is an enhanced nutrition system for black tobacco production.
- Taxon
- Canavalia ensiformisCanavalia ensiformise0
- Outcome
- enhanced nutrition alternative system for black tobacco productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consequently, we conclude that Canavalia ensiformis , with an inoculum based on the Glomus cubense strain and 75% of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers, provides an enhanced nutrition alternative system for black tobacco production”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.