Abstract
The experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023-2024 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P), India, to evaluate the effects of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield, and quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica). The study was designed using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and ten treatment combinations. The treatments included different combinations of farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), and biofertilizers such as Azospirillum, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and zinc-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB), applied at 30 and 45 days after transplanting. Data on growth, yield, and quality parameters were collected. The results showed that the treatment combination T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha) achieved the best performance in terms of plant height (27.00 cm at 15 DAS, increasing to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS), number of leaves per plant (8.00 at 15 DAS, increasing to 20.03 at 60 DAS), head volume (943.10 cc), polar diameter (21.20 cm), head weight (329.00 gm), and head yield per plot (860.70 kg). Additionally, T7 had the highest total soluble solids (TSS) at 9.13, ascorbic acid content (20.63 mg/100g), and chlorophyll content (94.00). On the other hand, T3 (FYM 3.75 t/ha + Azospirillum) exhibited the shortest plants (14.00 cm at 15 DAS), the earliest head initiation (53.42 days), and the quickest head maturity (41.05 days). These findings suggest that the combined use of FYM and vermicompost notably improves broccoli growth, yield, and quality by supplying a balanced array of nutrients and enhancing soil structure. This study highlights the advantages of using organic manures and biofertilizers in sustainable broccoli farming, enhancing soil health and minimizing the reliance on chemical fertilizers.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
T7 gave the best broccoli plant height, rising from 27.00 cm at 15 DAS to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 69.00 cme0
- Qualifier
- 27.00 cm at 15 DASe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha) achieved the best performance in terms of plant height (27.00 cm at 15 DAS, increasing to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 gave the best leaves per plant, increasing from 8.00 to 20.03 across the stated stages.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- number of leaves per plante0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 20.03 at 60 DASe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha) achieved the best performance in terms of plant height (27.00 cm at 15 DAS, increasing to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS), number of leaves per plant (8.00 at 15 DAS, increasing to 20.03 at 60 DAS)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 gave the best head volume of 943.10 cc.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- head volumee0
- Direction
- best performancee0
- Value
- 943.10 cce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha) achieved the best performance in terms of plant height (27.00 cm at 15 DAS, increasing to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS), number of leaves per plant (8.00 at 15 DAS, increasing to 20.03 at 60 DAS), head volume (943.10 cc)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 gave the best head polar diameter of 21.20 cm.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- polar diametere0
- Direction
- best performancee0
- Value
- 21.20 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha) achieved the best performance in terms of plant height (27.00 cm at 15 DAS, increasing to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS), number of leaves per plant (8.00 at 15 DAS, increasing to 20.03 at 60 DAS), head volume (943.10 cc), polar diameter (21.20 cm)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 gave the best head weight of 329.00 gm.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- head weighte0
- Direction
- best performancee0
- Value
- 329.00 gme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha) achieved the best performance in terms of plant height (27.00 cm at 15 DAS, increasing to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS), number of leaves per plant (8.00 at 15 DAS, increasing to 20.03 at 60 DAS), head volume (943.10 cc), polar diameter (21.20 cm), head weight (329.00 gm)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 gave the best head yield per plot of 860.70 kg.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- head yield per plote0
- Direction
- best performancee0
- Value
- 860.70 kge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha) achieved the best performance in terms of plant height (27.00 cm at 15 DAS, increasing to 69.00 cm at 60 DAS), number of leaves per plant (8.00 at 15 DAS, increasing to 20.03 at 60 DAS), head volume (943.10 cc), polar diameter (21.20 cm), head weight (329.00 gm), and head yield per plot (860.70 kg)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 had the highest total soluble solids at 9.13.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e1
- Outcome
- total soluble solids (TSS)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.13e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 had the highest total soluble solids (TSS) at 9.13”
e1“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 had the highest ascorbic acid content of 20.63 mg/100g.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 20.63 mg/100ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 had the highest total soluble solids (TSS) at 9.13, ascorbic acid content (20.63 mg/100g)”
e1“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 had the highest chlorophyll content of 94.00.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)e1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 94.00e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 had the highest total soluble solids (TSS) at 9.13, ascorbic acid content (20.63 mg/100g), and chlorophyll content (94.00)”
e1“T7 (FYM 7.5 t/ha + VC 2 t/ha)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 produced the shortest broccoli plants, 14.00 cm at 15 DAS.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T3 (FYM 3.75 t/ha + Azospirillum)e0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume0symbiont - Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- shorteste0
- Value
- 14.00 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T3 (FYM 3.75 t/ha + Azospirillum) exhibited the shortest plants (14.00 cm at 15 DAS)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 had the earliest head initiation at 53.42 days.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T3 (FYM 3.75 t/ha + Azospirillum)e0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- head initiatione0
- Direction
- earlieste0
- Value
- 53.42 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T3 (FYM 3.75 t/ha + Azospirillum) exhibited the shortest plants (14.00 cm at 15 DAS), the earliest head initiation (53.42 days)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 had the quickest head maturity at 41.05 days.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- T3 (FYM 3.75 t/ha + Azospirillum)e0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- head maturitye0
- Direction
- quickeste0
- Value
- 41.05 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T3 (FYM 3.75 t/ha + Azospirillum) exhibited the shortest plants (14.00 cm at 15 DAS), the earliest head initiation (53.42 days), and the quickest head maturity (41.05 days)”
t0“broccoli”
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